Machiavelli’s Pyschological Game in “The Prince” Free Essays

Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†: By Any Means Necessary Part 15 of Machiavelli’s The Prince, entitled Of the Things for Which Men, and Especially Princes, Are Praised or Blamed, states that, all together for a man to keep up control of an administration and better that domain, he should take part in specific activities that might be esteemed improper by the open he serves. Machiavelli contends an admirable sentiment, that the idea of man is twofold, incorporating acceptable and insidious, good and bad. The viability of his contention, be that as it may, depends on the way that the individual perusing his exposition is a target eyewitness of human instinct. We will compose a custom article test on Machiavelli’s Pyschological Game in â€Å"The Prince† or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Not leaving this to risk, Machiavelli plays a mental game with the peruser so as to persuade them regarding his contention. Machiavelli introduces his proposition with analysis that endeavors to put the peruser in a subordinate perspective. He admits to the peruser that he fears sounding pretentious for expounding regarding a matter secured ordinarily before by others and contrasting from their conclusion in the issue. This announcement puts the writer helpless before the peruser and sets them up to hear a thought that may not be well known. Having been solicited absolution or the pride from the writer, the peruser drops boundaries that he may have against contentions driven by self image and opens his psyche to Machiavelli on an individual, true level. By setting himself at the feet of the peruser, Machiavelli sets himself and his contention in a place of intensity. He burns through no time in utilizing this capacity to oversee the peruser. In the following sentence he expresses that he will probably make a blueprint for conduct in open office † of utilization to the individuals who understand†. This announcement propels the peruser to concur with the focuses that the reliable, orthright Machiavelli contends, or be consigned the positions of those uninformed boneheads that don't comprehend. Machiavelli at that point presents his theory, that a ruler must utilize both great and abhorrence so as to keep up his control over the state. The peruser has basically no decision however to acknowledge this thought before any evidence has been given. With the peruser in the palm of his hand, Machiavelli needs just to make an exceptionally broad contention of his point to persuade the peruser of its legitimacy. The creator expresses that there are activities for which a sovereign is either adulated or accused. He records numerous instances of good characteristics and their restricting perspectives. Rather than naming them great and malice, be that as it may, Machiavelli titles them nonexistent and genuine. By calling the great qualities and the pioneer who has them fanciful, he evacuates the chomp that the notice of malevolence doing may have on the peruser. Evacuating this passionate punch makes his theory, that underhanded conduct is important to appropriately administer, self-evident. Machiavelli applies the principles he sets out for fruitful administration of a country to his own composition. He is mindful not to affront the peruser ith an explanation that is excessively explicit. He controls the psyche of the peruser so as to subdue his feelings and make him all the more tolerating of his supposition. He appears to be feeble when he is generally incredible and appears to be amazing when he has no grounds to be taken seriously. He is wary and neighborly when his foe’s barriers are up and assaults with the entirety of his assets at his foe’s shortcomings. Machiavelli composes an unequivocally persuading article. The verification for his supposition lies in the words he expresses as well as in the stream and trustworthiness of the work itself through the use of the very methods he urges. Instructions to refer to Machiavelli’s Pyschological Game in â€Å"The Prince†, Essay models

The Impact of a Fitness Intervention on People with Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities

In this article, Barbara Wilhite, Gregory Biren, and Leslie Spencer (2012) analyze the effect of a wellness intercession on individuals with formative and scholarly incapacities. This mediation is portrayed as a recreational action. The writers focus on the encounters of parental figures during their support in this program.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Impact of a Fitness Intervention on People with Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The researchers depend on such a technique as the semi-organized meeting. However, one can likewise talk about the utilization of overviews containing numerous decision questions (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 253). The aftereffects of this examination show that the members had the option to determine such advantages as lower level of pressure, improved muscle tone, or diminished weight (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 257). All the more critically, the members figured out ho w to connect with individuals who probably won't be intently natural to them (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 260). This is one of the issues that ought to be singled out. Aside from that, one ought to talk about parental figures, for example, the family members of individuals with inabilities. These individuals need to battle with expanded degrees of stress (Wilhite et al., 2012). Thus, the investment of this program can assist them with adapting to this issue. The creators recognize the restrictions of their examination. Specifically, they notice that it didn't have a correlation or control gathering (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 263). By the by, they accept that physical action can be a decent recreational open door for individuals with handicaps. These are the primary issues that the researchers examine in this examination article. This article can be helpful for examining the subject of this paper. Above all else, the researchers show that one ought to consider the necessities of individu als with incapacities and their parental figures since these people intently communicate with each other. As a rule, parental figures require some break so as to adapt to their obligations all the more successfully. This is one of the issues that ought to be thought of. Moreover, it is crucial to consider the wellbeing dangers to which individuals with inabilities can be uncovered. When in doubt, they speak to a genuinely dormant gathering. One should focus on such qualities of an individual as cardiovascular perseverance or strong quality (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 250). This data is significant for the advancement of physical activities that can best suit the necessities of these people. Furthermore, recreational exercises of individuals with inabilities should assist them with associating with others. Much of the time, they don't have chances to speak with others, and this issue ought to be addressed.Advertising Looking for article on wellbeing medication? How about we check wheth er we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from that, individuals, who sort out recreational projects, ought to underscore the requirement for physical exercises. As it were, clinical specialists need to raise the familiarity with these individuals about the advantages of a sound way of life. During recreational projects, one should concentrate on the dietary propensities for individuals with incapacities since frequently they can't pick the food which is generally valuable for them. These are the fundamental viewpoints that can be recognized. All in all, one can contend that this article can illuminate the association of recreational exercises for individuals who have a handicap. The creators show what attributes ought to be considered by clinical laborers and parental figures. This article exhibits that recreational exercises need to fill various needs, for example, socialization, break, and reception of sound ways of life. This is the primary concer n that can be made. Reference List Wilhite, B., Biren, G., Spencer, L. (2012). Wellness intercession for grown-ups with formative incapacities and their guardians. Remedial Recreation Journal, 46(4), 245-267. This article on The Impact of a Fitness Intervention on People with Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities was composed and put together by client Aydan B. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

5 Ways Junior Parents Can Help With College Planning

5 Ways Junior Parents Can Help With College Planning It’s tough. Your kidâ€"the one who still looks a lot like that middle schooler they were three years agoâ€"is going to be applying to college soon. If you’re wondering how in the world the two of you will make it to move-in day, you’re not alone! The transition to college can be rocky and stressful for everyone, and it’s often during their child’s junior year of high school that parents start to feel overwhelmed. Maybe you can’t help feeling stressed whenever you think about your kid going to college, but what youcan do is start preparing. Following is a checklist of five of the most important parts of the process right now. We hope it helps you orient yourself whenever you’re struggling over all the details. Narrow Down the List Junior year is the time for your child to start thinking seriously about where they want to go. If your kid is like most, this will likely both excite them and send them into a slump of anxiety and fear. The excitement is great, but as for that anxiety and fear Some of those bad feelings may come from not knowing what to expect.For many juniors, college is still a completely foreign idea. They might not be sure where to look or even what they’re looking for. With thousands of colleges out there, it’s no wonder why. Have you spoken to your child about any financial, geographical, or logistical restrictions that your family has? If not, now is definitely the time. Be honest and realistic with your child about what their options are. High schoolers are smart (just think of you when you were their age!), and trying to cover up truths with “maybes” won’t help themâ€"it probably won’t even work. Fine-tuning the list can be a stressful part of the process, but it’s a rewarding one. If you or your child aren’t sure where to start, we have some suggestions onhow to narrow the college search. Youll all be better off once you know what your options are. Register for Standardized Tests Standardized tests are Class A Bummers. Nobody really likes them, but they still play an important role in many college applications. The two most common standardized tests are the SAT and the ACT. Your child’s high school counselor is a good resource if you and your child aren’t sure which test they should take. Your child can register forthe ACT or the SAT online.And once it’s time for your child to take the test, we’ve got some tips onhow they can triumph. Schedule School Visits Now comes the fun part! Visiting a college is a great way to become familiar with both that school and the basic idea of college. But college visits won’t happen unless you make them happen. Luckily, the scheduling part is fairly easy; your child can sign up for most visits online or by calling the college’s admissions office. Starting college visits now will give you more time to see all the places your child is interested in. It will also give you a chance to ask any questions you have about the application process. Start Thinking About Cost Thinking about how expensive college is isnt fun, but it’s vital if you want your child to make it through school successfully.Lets cut straight to the chase: Whos going to pay for your child’s college expenses? How? When? Most students use some kind of financial aid to make college costs more manageable. Think about your family’s situation and consider your options. If you’re not sure what those options are, check out ourguide to paying for college. Organize Application Dates Deadlines This step will be easier if your childs college list is mostly worked out, but if you’re running short on time, let’s tackle it right now!Putting the biggest deadlines for each college on a single cheat sheet or small calendar is a good way of keeping track of what’s ahead without becoming too overwhelmed. For now, important dates include: Early application filing period for each schoolRegular application filing period for each schoolYour child’s standardized test datesYour childs scheduled school visit datesFinancial aid deadlines And if Illinois is on your list (what a great school!), we’ve put together a calendar with some of these important dates. Feel free to print it out and personalize it for your family! Like we said, the transition to college is not easy, but keeping an eye on what’s ahead and being honest with your child will hopefully make it a little less “not easy,” if that makes sense. And if you ever get overwhelmed, remind yourself that everything will work out in the end. college college prep resources parents planning Illinois Admissions We're here for you as you prepare for college. Whether you're looking for guidance on the college search process or have questions about Illinois, we hope our blogs will help!

Privacy vs. Security Essay - 1261 Words

Ever since day one, people have been developing and creating all sorts of new methods and machines to help better everyday life in one way or another. Who can forget the invention of the ever-wondrous telephone? And we can’t forget how innovative and life-changing computers have been. However, while all machines have their positive uses, there can also be many negatives depending on how one uses said machines, wiretapping in on phone conversations, using spyware to quietly survey every keystroke and click one makes, and many other methods of unwanted snooping have arisen. As a result, laws have been made to make sure these negative uses are not taken advantage of by anyone. But because of how often technology changes, how can it be†¦show more content†¦However, most people did anyways as it was beneficiary. As a result, there would be times when the government would, without warning or permission, would burst into a civilian’s house to search for the ill egal trade goods. This angered the people, and after the United States declared and achieved their independence, they made sure to make it so the government would never abuse this power again. This assurance takes form as the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment states as follows: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. What that basically means, is that the government would not be allowed to search a person’s home or personal documents without a warrant from a court judge. The Fourth Amendment is essentially the spine of all privacy rights, but it was written in 1789, long before things such as telephones and computers were even in thought. As a result, interpreting this amendmen t has become quite a challenge. While it does say it protects a person’s physical papers from unreasonable search, does it protect a person’s digital papers as well? (Kuhn 9) The exact details of what the Fourth Amendment covered really began to get fuzzy around the timeShow MoreRelatedPrivacy And Security : Privacy Vs. Security1503 Words   |  7 Pages Privacy versus Security Privacy is something that is valuable, and gives trust to both sides. Everyone is endowed with some degree of privacy, right? The debate of the topic privacy versus security has been going on for a while. Most people believe privacy is more important, giving people the chance to be relaxed without anyone watching them, literally or figuratively speaking. Governments believe that security is more important, claiming it will help with terrorism and lower the crime rateRead MoreThe Security Vs. Privacy1537 Words   |  7 Pages1. At stake are two forces representing a critical dilemma of the post-2001 world: security vs. privacy. Fighting for security, the FBI is seeking â€Å"backdoor† access to the iPhone in question that was used by one of the two suspects in the San Bernardino shooting in December 2015. Defending privacy is Apple, Inc., designer and marketer of the Apple iPhone. The two suspects under investigation are linked with known terrorist groups, possibly ISIS, w ith definitive proof of these links locked away inRead MorePrivacy vs. Security961 Words   |  4 PagesPrivacy Versus Security The debate regarding the usage of street cameras in Lebanon has been going on since at least 2005. With the amount of violence and corruption that routinely takes place throughout Beirut and other surrounding areas, there are governmental proponents for the usage of such cameras in an attempt to deter future acts of violence. Prior to the middle of the last decade, however, Lebanon was not a place in which video recording in public places routinely took place. As such,Read MorePublic Security Vs. Privacy1288 Words   |  6 Pagescameras. Although January Mughal in her article â€Å"National Security Vs. Privacy In The Modern Age†(2016), insisted that surveillance is necessary to maintain the security of United States, but it is doubtful based on many research because the uses of government surveillance are inefficient, the surveillance cannot stop terrorist attacks, and the ethical issues of surveillance cannot be ignored. In the article, â€Å"National Security Vs. Privacy In The Modern Age†(2016), January Mughal proposed that althoughRead MoreEssay on Privacy vs. Security2616 Words   |  11 PagesPrivacy vs. Security Introduction Pictures seen in homes across America and throughout the world of American symbols in flames and crashing a quarter mile to the ground changed the world forever. The worlds last and only superpower had been attacked in a way only conceivable in a Hollywood script. However, the physical destruction that resulted was not necessarily the biggest loss that the United States faced. The emotional destruction of Americans could be considered much greater and canRead MoreIndividual Privacy vs National Security5833 Words   |  24 PagesIndividual Privacy VS National Security John Williams ENG 122: GSE 1244A Instructor: Ebony Gibson November 1, 2012 Individual Privacy VS National Security Introduction Since the terrorist attack of 9/11, America has been in a high level conflict with terrorist around the world, particularly the group known as Al Qaeda. There has been many discussions within the U.S. Congress about the measures of how to effectively combat this organization and their members, here and abroad. ConsequentlyRead MorePersonal Privacy Vs. National Security1348 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Privacy vs. National Security An example of history repeating itself is the similarity of the sequence of events between the Palmer Raids and the NSA’s PRISM program. Both of these events in U.S. history started with Americans calling on the government for protection. The government then responded by creating programs to protect, but while working to protect the government in both events used illegal practices. These practices soon were leaked which caused americans to not support the government’sRead MoreIndividual Privacy vs. National Security1770 Words   |  8 PagesIndividual Privacy vs. National Security Individual Privacy vs. National Security is something that many people have argued for years. Many people have forgotten what a disturbance September 11, 2001 was to everyone in America. This was the day that 2,992 lives were stolen in the attacks by the Taliban on U.S. soil. Due to this attack the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) along with the Federal Government has put in place many new security regulations. Many people have lostRead MoreNational Security Vs. Personal Privacy1838 Words   |  8 Pages The topic of national security vs. personal privacy, in recent events, has been very controversial regarding which is more appropriate. On one hand, the government can search through personal, private files without any consent from the owner, thus making the information no longer private. The opposing side argues that the government is invading personal privacy of innocent civilians, violating the Fourth Amendment Rights to prohibit unreasonable searches and se izures. Both have valid points, bothRead MoreThe Great Debate : Privacy Vs National Security1055 Words   |  5 PagesMichael Haggerty Mrs. Gallos English III Honors 18 April 2016 The Great Debate: Privacy vs National Security In the digital age, the citizens of the United States are torn between which they value more: privacy or national security. On one hand, the people need to be safe from cyber attacks and terrorism, while on the other, the government should be aware of the privacy of the people it governs. The government should not go so far in protecting the country that it interferes with the personal lives

Touching Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride Essay

Touching Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride Ladies and Gentlemen, all of my guests, I cannot tell you how pleased I am today to see my daughter Anna looking so radiantly happy, as she begins her life with Steven. My wife and I do feel that we are losing Anna, but entrusting her to Steven?s good care. During the past few months as we have got to know him better, he has shown himself to be exactly the sort of person we had hoped Anna would marry ? charming, sincere, and reliable ? with a clear idea of what he wants from life and how to achieve it. At this time, I would like to take this opportunity to formally and wholeheartedly welcome Steven into our family. I am happy that you will be part of our family and I look†¦show more content†¦Thank you for giving true meaning to the word daughter and for enriching your mother?s life, and my life, for the last 28 years. Your mother and I have loved you every day from the moment you were born. We?ve coddled you, enjoyed you, and laughed with you. I know how much joy you have brought into our lives, and I know that you?ll bring that joy into Steven?s life as well. Of course, as a father, seeing my little girl get married today has filled me with conflicting emotions. On the one hand, I am bursting with pride; how beautiful you are, all grown up, mature, independent, exactly how we hoped you would turn out. But on the other hand, I feel a sense of loss, because I am saying farewell to that sweet little girl who would spend hours giggling in her playhouse in our back yard. And though Im sure you would prefer I didnt dredge up any more of those childhood memories today, I just want you to know how much I love you. We are all overjoyed that you have found someone as terrific as Steven to share the rest of her life with. In my lifetime, I have been blessed with a number of truly landmark moments. Looking back some were quite small, like the day my training wheels come off my bicycle. Eventually they grew in magnitude and significance. I received my driver?s license, graduation, then?surprise, it?s a girl. They may not have occurred in that exact order; however, they were truly landmark moments. Today is another one of those trulyShow MoreRelated A Heartfelt Wedding Speech by the Father of the Groom Essay examples946 Words   |  4 PagesA Heartfelt Wedding Speech by the Father of the Groom There is a small amount of humor at the beginning and toward the end of the speech, but it is the sentiment that makes it special. The speech ends with some advice for the bride and groom, which is touching, and a toast in the form of a poem. The happy couple, reverend celebrant, dear guests. The first wedding speech I ever gave was in 1958 when I married the grooms mother. Oh, I was in love! I remember clearly what a great feelingRead MoreEarly Onset Parkinson s Disease Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesThese interviews revealed the family’s developmental life cycle stage over many years, the illness narratives from three different perspectives, and the effects of this illness on each of the different family members. K.M., R.M.’s daughter, experienced the greatest impact from her father’s diagnosis with early onset Parkinson’s disease. L.M., K.M.’s husband, offered the perspective from a non immediate family member who struggled with the effects that R.M.’s disease had on his wife, and the dauntingRead MoreExamining the Character of Juliet in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare1748 Words   |  7 Pagesparents said. She would be expected to marry at a young age and carry on the family legacy. She would be married off to a rich husband, even though Juliet is about thirteen now, that is why her parents won’t marry her to Paris yet. Her father is also protective of her he says’ she is the hopeful lady of my earth,’ meaning he isn’t going to marry her to anyone she doesn’t consent to. She also lives in a patriarchal society, so she has to follow men’s rules. An ElizabethanRead MoreFrom ‘Dream of Red Chamber’ to Explore the Marriage System2118 Words   |  9 PagesFrom ‘Dream of Red Chamber’ to explore the marriage system in imperial China ‘Dream of Red Chamber’, written by Cao Xueqin in the eighteenth century, is the first Chinese novel which used a love tragedy to convey the message of the miserable marriage life of the Chinese. It was a common practice for author to turn a love tragedy into a happy ending instead. For example: in ‘The palace of eternal youth’, despite troubles in the present life, the two main characters, Li Longji and Yang Yuhuan, wereRead More A Cubist Perspective of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream2475 Words   |  10 PagesA Cubist Perspective of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The great cycle of the ages is renewed. Now Justice returns, returns the Golden Age; a new generation now descends from on high. - Virgil, Eclogues 1.5    As Virgil stated so many years ago, history is a cyclical phenomenon. The experiences of one age tend to be repeated in future generations. Knowing that, we should not be surprised to find the seeds of modern styles and philosophies sprouting in earlierRead MoreExploring the Ways that Shakespeare Makes Act 1 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet Dramatically Effective2006 Words   |  9 PagesAct 1 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet Dramatically Effective Romeo and Juliet is a tragic love story, where Romeo and Juliet fall in love but soon find out that their love is forbidden as they are from separate houses, the Montague and Capulet houses. They have to hide their love from their parent, problem a rise which causes death for both of the lovers and friends. There are many things that the prologue sets up. It sets it up the story as a tragic love story. It also setsRead MoreSummary : The Jungle 2552 Words   |  11 Pagescompleting this assignment. The reactions/analysis presented in your journal should be your own. Ten Journal Entries (10 points each; 100 points total) The wedding, or â€Å"veselija†, of Jurgis and Ona is not very sophisticated or over the top, but it is clear and Sinclair describes it as a gift from their home country, and is a happy affair for the bride and groom and their family and close friends. I enjoyed the description of the terrible but â€Å"inspired† violinist and the other musicians. However, SinclairRead MoreDuchess Of Malf Open Learn10864 Words   |  44 Pagesbefore you read the unit. The edition of the play that is used in this unit is the Pearson Longman (2009) edition, edited by Monica Kendall. However, there are free versions available online that you may prefer to use. This unit is an adapted extract from the Open University course A230 Reading and studying literature. It can also be found in the publication Anita Pacheco and David Johnson (eds) (2012) The Renaissance and Long Eighteenth Century, published by The Open University and Bloomsbury AcademicRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesNot Treating It Fairly ..................................................................... 174 Not Accepting the Burden of Proof ............................................................................................. 175 Diverting Attention from the Issue ............................................................................................. 176 Re-defining the Issue ....................................................................................................................Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesmarketing channel distribution, and entirely new patterns of employee recruiting, development, and training. In addition, product and services launches increasingly require more effective development initiatives. Rapidly increasing numbers of new offerings—from Web-oriented modules to credit cards—are being commoditized in months or even weeks instead of the periods of years on which companies had counted for cash flow. Increasingly demanding consumer and industrial buyers are basing their purchasing decisions

The Fire Sparked by the Buddhist Crisis - 3351 Words

The Fire Sparked by the Buddhist Crisis On June 11, 1963, Malcolm Browne took a photograph. His image would become the symbol for a period in the Vietnam conflict known as the Buddhist Crisis. Browne’s photo was of a monk sitting in the middle of the street, moments after dousing himself in fuel and lighting a match. The monk’s name was Thich Quang Duc, and his suicide would have repercussions not just in Vietnam but overseas in the United States as well. His action stimulated major growth in the Buddhist Crisis, inspiring leaders of the movement to increase militant actions against President Ngo Dinh Diem’s regime. Duc’s self-immolation was symbolic of something much larger than a single political act, representing a movement that would completely alter United States policy in Vietnam and eventually lead to the assassination of President Diem. Revered reporter David Halberstam wrote of Thich Quang Duc’s self-immolation in his book The Making of a Quagmire of, †¦a young Buddhist priest with a microphone saying calmly over and over again in Vietnamese and English, A Buddhist priest burns himself to death. A Buddhist priest becomes a martyr.† The fact that the priest was speaking in English showed that he wanted American reporters to get the story, he wanted Americans to understand what was occurring. The photograph captured a dramatic moment in time, but shared only a glimpse of the magnitude with which the Buddhist Crisis would affect the future of the VietnamShow MoreRelatedThe Era Of The Cold War Essay2000 Words   |  8 Pagesthe United States having a hand in supporting the government which held their ideals. John f. Kennedy had early involvement in the Vietnam war, supporting an unpopular government whose policy was the persecution Buddhists and many followers. Images of Buddhist monks setting themselves on fire turned public opinion against John f. Kennedy to leading support for this unpopular governm ent was withdrawn (Schaller 1095-1097). As a consequence of supporting and funding these questionable groups, AmericanRead More The Impact of Revolutions on the Cold War Essay2473 Words   |  10 Pagesof her Fire in the Lake that Ngo was very unpopular among the people he ruled over. Ngo faced opposition primarily from the NLF, which was an organization (which at first included communists and anti-communists) dedicated to the liberation of Vietnam from the domination of foreign government and the general amelioration of the conditions of the Vietnamese. The United States, however, condemned the NLF as a communist organization. Ngo came to be unaccepted by all after the Buddhist Crisis of 1963Read MoreEssay on Vietnam6962 Words   |  28 PagesII sparked violent confrontations with the French, culminating in the French military defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The Geneva Accords of 1954 temporarily divided Vietnam into two zones (the Communist north and the anti-Communist, US-supported south). Political and ideological opposition quickly turned to armed struggle, prompting the USA and other countries to commit combat troops in 1965. The Paris Peace Agreements, signed in 1973, provided an immediate cease-fire andRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War3899 Words   |  16 Pagesthe installment of military advisors in Vietnam, â€Å"Seeger composed ‘The Big Muddy’, a song about a dangerous river crossing during the Second World War, but one obviously aimed at the Johnson administration’s increasing involvement.† The song also sparked anger from television companies. An example of this was when Seeger was â€Å"banned†¦from performing his anti-war allegory, the song’s reference to the ‘big fool’ (i.e. Lyndon Johnson) was disrespectful.† Between 1963 and 1964, there was a significant

The Marquis De Sade free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Attitude Towards Women Essay, Research Paper The Marquis de Sade # 8217 ; s Attitude Towards Women The Marquis de Sade was an writer in France in the late 1700s. His plants were ill-famed in their clip, giving Sade a repute as an fornicator, a violator, and a sodomist. One of the more common deceits refering Sade was his attitude toward adult females. His attitude was shown in his manner of life and in two of his literary characters, Justine and Julliette. The Marquis de Sade was said to be the first and merely philosopher of frailty because of his unbelieving and sadistic activities. He held the common adult female in low respect. He believed that adult females dressed provokingly because they feared work forces would take no notice of them if they were naked. He cared small for forced sex. Rape is non a offense, he explained, and is in fact less than robbery, for you get what is used back after the title is done ( Bloch 108 ) . Opinions about the Marquis de Sade # 8217 ; s attitude towards sexual freedom for adult females varies from writer to writer. A prevailing one, the one held by Carter, suggests Sade # 8217 ; s work concerns sexual freedom and the nature of such, important because of his # 8220 ; refusal to see female gender in relation to a generative function. # 8221 ; Sade justified his beliefs through graffito, playing psychologist on vandals: In the stylisation of graffito, the asshole is ever presented erect, as an watchful attitude. It points upward, asserts. The hole is unfastened, as an inert infinite, as a oral cavity, waiting to be filled. This iconography could be derived from the metaphysical sexual differences: adult male aspires, adult female serves no map but being, waiting. Between her thighs is zero, the symbol of void, that merely attains somethingness when male rule fills it with significance ( Carter 4 ) . The Marquis de Sade # 8217 ; s manner of idea is likely best symbolized in the missional place. The missional place represents the mythic relationship between spouses. The adult female represents the inactive receptivity, the birthrate, and the profusion of dirt. This relationship mythicizes and elevates intercourse to an unrealistic proportion. In a more realistic position, Sade compares married adult females with cocottes, stating that cocottes were better paid and that they had fewer psychotic beliefs ( Carter 9 ) . Most of Sade # 8217 ; s sentiments of adult females were geared towards the present, in what they were in his clip. He held different sentiments, nevertheless, for how he pictured adult females in the hereafter. Sade suggests that adult females don # 8217 ; t # 8220 ; fuck in the inactive tense and hence automatically fucked up, done over, undone. # 8221 ; Sade declares that he is all for the # 8220 ; right of adult females to fuck. # 8221 ; It is stated as if the clip in which adult females copulate tyrannously, cruelly, and sharply will be a necessary measure in the development of the general human witting refering the nature of sexual intercourse. He urges adult females to mate every bit actively as they can, so that, # 8220 ; powered by their hitherto untapped sexual energy they will be able to sleep together their manner into history, and, in making so, alteration it # 8221 ; ( Carter 27 ) . Womans see themselves in the contemplation signifier Sade # 8217 ; s looking glass of misanthropy. Critics say that Sade offers male phantasies about adult females in great assortment, along with a figure of galvanizing penetrations. He is said to set erotica in the service of adult females ( Carter 36 ) . The Justine series, dwelling of six editions, was one of the most ill-famed and good known series written by Sade. While the series had several editions, the plot line remained fundamentally the same throughout, though going more long-winded in each edition. Two characters emerge from the Justine novels: Justine and Juliette, who are sisters orphaned at an early age. These two characters represent the opposite poles of muliebrity in Sade # 8217 ; s head. Justine is the guiltless, naif type who gets mistreated throughout her life. Juliette is Sade # 8217 ; s ideal adult female, being uninhibited in her sexual behavior and in her life, murdering and mating at caprice. She, of course, does good in life ( Lynch 41-42 ) . The narrative of Justine is a long and tragic one, taking the naif immature miss abroad, where she is used and discarded by adult male and adult female likewise. This is due to the fact that she is a good adult female in a predominately male universe. # 8220 ; Justine is good harmonizing to the regulations refering adult females laid down by men. # 8221 ; Her wages is colza, ceaseless whippings, and humiliation ( Carter 38 ) . Justine # 8217 ; s first brush in life is with a priest who tries to score her alternatively of offering her the aid she seeks. Following, she encounters a moneyman named Dubourg. He abuses her and makes her steal. Dubourg is rewarded for the frailties he has by acquiring a moneymaking authorities occupation ( Lynch 47 ) . Justine shortly is received by Du Harpin, an expert in doing loans, schemer of the robbery of a neighbour, who is using Justine as a mediator. Justine is arrested as a consequence of Du Harpin # 8217 ; s misbehaviors. She is shortly released by a adult female named Dubois, who engineers their flight via puting aflame the prison ( Lynch 42 ) . Dubois leads Justine to an brush with her bandit friends, led by Co eur-de-fer ( Gallic for Heart of Iron ) . They rape Justine between foraies in which she doesn # 8217 ; t participate. During one of their foraies, they rob and beat Saint-Florent. Justine helps Saint-Florent flight. He quickly expresses his gratitude by ravishing her and stealing the small money she had ( Lynch 42 ) . Justine is left derelict and distraught in the forests. She happens upon a vernal count named Bressac in the center of a homosexual act with one of his retainers. Rather than killing her so for her injudiciousness, Bressac brings her place and forces her to help with his program to slay his affluent aunt. Justine flees after four old ages with Bressac ( Lynch 42 ) . She is shortly hired by a # 8220 ; sawbones # 8221 ; who is better described as a vivisector, who patterns his scientific discipline on his girl and on immature kids. Justine, experiencing commiseration, efforts to salvage Bressac # 8217 ; s girl, is caught, and is branded as a common felon ( Lynch 42 ) . Justine # 8217 ; s rhythm of bad lucks continue for some clip. She is visited one time once more by Dubois and twice by Saint-Florent, both of whom incriminate her in something non of her making. She eventually finds her long-lost sister, Juliette, who she recites her life # 8217 ; s narrative to. Her sister grants her freedom. She lives for a short clip afterwards, shortly disfigured by lightning and finally killing her ( Lynch 43 ) . Juliette, sister of Justine, lives a different life wholly. Her early life revolves around her coachs, who introduce different trades. Her first coach was Mme. Delbene, a debauchee, who introduces imposition of hurting for pleasance. Mme. Delbene # 8217 ; s concluding avowal to Juliette was, # 8220 ; Oh, my friend, screw, you were born to sleep together! Nature created you to be fucked # 8221 ; ( Lynch 52 ) . Her following wise man is Mme. de Lorsange, who brings an debut to larceny, a addendum to animal pleasance. Under Mme. de Lorsange # 8217 ; s tuition, Juliette becomes a skilled stealer, robbing many. Here Juliette learns the elaboratenesss of being antiethical ( Lynch 53 ) . Juliette # 8217 ; s following acquisition experience comes from Noirceuil, a truster in the dichotomy and balance of virtuousness and frailty in people. He is a wholly independent person. He justifies himself by following immorality through antiquity. He arranges a cross-dresser nuptials, where he dresses up as a adult female and Juliette frocks like a adult male. He subsequently violates Juliette # 8217 ; s seven-year-old girl, roasting her alive afterwards with her female parent # 8217 ; s permission. Noirceuil is awarded a place in the ministry ( Lynch 53 ) . Juliette subsequently becomes involved with Saint-Rond, a curate and king # 8217 ; s favorite. He introduces her to the Society of Friends of Crime. Justine is initiated by being asked inquiries about her sexual activities ( both yesteryear and nowadays ) . Her last curse uttered upon entryway in the Society read, # 8221 ; Do you swear to forever live in the same degeneration [ as you have all your life ] ? # 8221 ; She replied yes ( Lynch 53 ) . Sade # 8217 ; s two aforementioned characters represent two factors in Sade # 8217 ; s life: world and phantasy. World, in Sade # 8217 ; s eyes, is Justine. Artlessness without prosperity, an image of adult female. Juliette represents phantasy. She is what Sade expects and hopes the adult female of the hereafter will resemble: uninhibited, free, equal ( Lynch ) . So says Gullaume Appolinare in Lynch: Justine is the old adult female, subjugated, suffering, and less than human ; Juliette, on the reverse, represents the new adult female he glimpses, a being we can non gestate of, that interruptions free from humanity, that will hold wings and will regenerate the existence. Sade justified his Hagiographas and feelings by stating, # 8220 ; Flesh comes to us out of history, so does the repression and tabu that governs our experience of flesh. # 8221 ; He cites flesh as confirmation of itself, rewriting the Cartesian cognito, # 8220 ; I fuck hence I am # 8221 ; ( Carter, 11 ) . Sade punished virtuousness in his Hagiographas. Womans are the representation of artlessness to him, which isn # 8217 ; t excessively far from how his coevalss felt. By penalizing Justine in his novels, he isn # 8217 ; t penalizing adult female, merely the artlessness that adult female represents. While Sade believed that the adult female with which he was mating was merely at that place to function his demands, he besides felt it could ( and should ) work the other manner about. It is as if he is stating, # 8220 ; Just because I use you, it doesn # 8217 ; t intend you can # 8217 ; t utilize me. # 8221 ; Sade couldn # 8217 ; t be a male chauvinist in the modern sense, merely because he advocated free gender so much. He saw the adult females of his clip and was troubled by it. In bend, he wrote about these adult females, represented in Justine. The adult female he saw in the hereafter were a bolder, free-spirited sort, represented in Juliette. It was the promise of this new genre of adult females he looked frontward to and was enlightened by. In short, Sade disliked subjugated adult females and liked sceptered adult females. He liked adult females closer to his ain character. Sade was likely the first porn merchant, and as such, caused rather an tumult. Most of the opinions made about Sade by critics were physiological reactions, made without taking in the full spectrum of what he was, what he wrote, and what he did. The opinion of Sade by the Populus, therefore is one more terrible than it should be.

Adoption vs Abortion free essay sample

Within this paper, our learning team will conduct a debate between two topics with very different opposing viewpoints: adoption versus abortion. We will provide questions and answers in regard to whether or not a woman should have an abortion or put up the woman’s baby for adoption. We will provide similarities between adoption and abortion. In addition, we will give differences between adoption and abortion. We will discuss the various religious beliefs between adoption and abortion. The negative psychological effects of adopted and unwanted children will be discussed. In addition, we will determine if abortion is a good option for some women. Many children are on waiting lists for perspective parents, and some of these children wait a long time to acquire adoptive parents. We will also provide statistics on the percentage of children who are abused by adoptive parents. Debate Topic: Adoption versus Abortion Introduction When making the decision to place a child up for adoption or to have an abortion there are many items to consider. We will write a custom essay sample on Adoption vs Abortion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When weighing the pros and cons; there are many more benefits with adoption than abortion. Adoption gives a child a stable home when the birth mother feels she cannot provide such a thing. Adoption gives those who cannot have children or who want more children, the chance to be loving parents. While providing adults with a child, it is also providing the child with a loving, stable, and family environment. Different kinds of adoption that can be done: important for the birth mother, and the adopting parents to be comfortable in his or her decision. Closed adoption in which the birth mother never sees the baby and has no contact throughout his or her lives. Open adoption is a good way for the birth mother to keep updated with the child. The adoptive parents can allow visitations or send pictures throughout the child’s life. Kinship adoption here a family member adopts and raises the child. This provides even more contact between the birth mother and child (Sex,etc. 2010). Adoption gives birth mothers another option than abortion. Bringing a child into this world and allowing a loving family to raise the child is what every mother who cannot provide should do. When adopted children are older, they can decide whether or not to seek their biological parents and if the biological parents will accept them being found is always a chance the child takes. This allows the child to accept why his or her biological parents did put them up for adoption and gives him or her closure if needed. When deciding whether to have a child who will be put up for adoption or acquiring an abortion is important to remember to weigh pro and cons. Whereas abortion allows the mother freedom so does adoption. Whereas abortion allows teens to grow up so does adoption. Adoption is cost free ,and sometimes the adoptive parents provide income for the mother until the baby is born and abortion can range from $500 $2000 depending on how far along the pregnancy is (American Adoptions, 2009). A biggest con to abortion is not being able to see the child develop, which is possible when having an open adoption. Abortion may also cause depression afterwards. Some may have a difficult time getting over the fact a life was just taken because of irresponsibility and selfishness (American Adoptions, 2009). Adoption lessens those chances because knowing that the child is in good hands and receiving what the birth mother could not gives sense of relief and right doing. Adoption versus abortion is difficult for any woman who is not ready to be a mother, and the decision can be more traumatic for some than others. Being comfortable with the decision made and understanding all consequences will provide the best outcome for both the baby and the birth mother. For many people abortion is a word that conjures up images of death, mutilation, and generally a bad feeling. Abortion is a clean procedure that can occur through surgery or medications (Discovery Health, 2010). Many people question if it is better to make the decision of an abortion. They have to believe that the decision made was for the best. The woman could choose to have the child, and give up rights to it, and always wonder how the child is. Both decisions are difficult, and only two people can make the choice, the biological parents. Why is abortion a good option for some women? The reasons for a woman to obtain an abortion vary widely as do the ages of the women. Up to six million pregnancies occur every year. More than half of those pregnancies not planned. Of those women who have an unplanned pregnancy 50% were using a form of contraception when they conceived. About 74% of women surveyed who have had an abortion said that to have a baby at that time in their lives would dramatically change their live. Another 48% said they did not want to be a single mother, or there were problems in their relationships. Interfering with work was another 38% and the same percentage for education. 32% said they could not care for another child. A large 73% of women surveyed said they could not afford to have a baby (Stacey, 2010). A point of interest is a small 1% of women said the abortion was because of a forced sexual encounter (Westside Pregnancy Clinic, 2009). For whatever reason a woman chooses to have an abortion, women have her reasons. Looking at the numbers, this is relatively small in comparison of how many babies are born each year. However, if every woman who opted for an abortion could not have one, and had to carry the child to full term, this would mean 1. 3 million infants would be born each year to fill the orphanages (Stacey, 2010). To make women have a baby when they could not physically, emotionally, or financially care for the child should not be mandatory. Every woman has a right to choose what is right for her. What are some good reasons for abortions? †¢ Though women have a hard time choosing abortion as an option for unwanted pregnancies, they have been making the choice for a long time. †¢ Ultimately, she is the one who would be going through the actual â€Å"Labor† of continuing pregnancy, delivering a baby, bringing the baby up, parenting the child, in addition to other obligations she has to do her daily life. To get it done with little or no help from the partner and families needs a well-balanced body and mind. †¢ Nothing called pro-choice and pro-life. Both ideologies meet at one common point e. g. Pro-Life-Life of the baby and Life of the mother. Life of the baby ultimately depends on mother’s health and it is best to allow the mother to choose for her, when she wants a baby. †¢ Whereas we argue about the mental well being of a woman, how do others get to decide what would be more traumatic to the woman, abortion or, ‘childbirth and the unending list of duties waiting to be accomplished Maisie, 2010). Many children on waiting lists for prospective parents, why is the wait so long for some of these children? Adoption can be a long, tedious, and expensive process. For some adopting parents the child requirements are specific, such as a Caucasian female infant. This could take years to find the right child. Many children older, a different race or not the correct gender could sit in an orphanage for a long time. The adoptive parents must meet strict requirements before adopting a child. This often deters some prospective adoption parents from going through the process because of the invasive way the backgrounds checked (Marchick, 2010). As the prospective parents are going through the tedious process of adoption many children sit, wait, and hope. Children waiting for a family begin to have a sense of loss or separation. Many children often believe a sense of abandonment even after they had been adopted. The psychological effects of a child waiting for adoption can be deeply set into an older child. A person has to wonder if a child waiting in an orphanage for years is better than adopting out quickly. Children the ages of 10 and above have no one who will care for them because of one issue, or another (Unknown Author, 2010). To bring 1. 3 million more children into the world when there are children currently who cannot be adopted would be cruel (Stacey, 2010). What are the negative psychological effects on adopted and unwanted children? Pro-lifers believe every child has a right to life but do not consider the quality of life that child will have either by choice or circumstance. The consequence of a child knowing he or she unwanted by the people supposed to want him or her above all, is a scar carried for life. More than half a million children in this country live in foster homes. It is unrealistic to think that an adopted baby is going to a loving home when in actuality it is 50/50. Many people adopt or foster children just for the money; children bounced around from family to family, deepening their abandonment while suffering other abuses. Abortion should not be used as birth control but one has to realize the implications of being an unwanted child. Many studies have been done that focus on the psychological effects of being an adoptee or an unwanted child. Statistics show that unwanted births are a major factor contributing to the murder of infants and children and to child abuse in general. A study of 37 infants killed within the first 24 hours after birth, he found that 83% of the victims unwanted by the mother (Slaughter of the Innocents, Dr. Resnick, 1977). Females who have unwelcome babies have inferior interactions with their children, at times this is not just reserved for the unwanted child. Because of the detachment of the mother this develops into social and developmental problems for the child. The child is reaching out for attention and acceptance anyway possible. All parts of development are affected negatively, for example, sense of self-worth, behavior traits, learning and work-related achievement, psychological, and personal associations. Adopted children in the United States are the only citizens who cannot know their true names and the names of the birth parents. What Percent of children put up for adoption is abused? Finding statistics for abused children in adoption and foster care is virtually impossible because the numbers change frequently and most cases go unreported. In Ohio, there are more than 3,500 children waiting to be adopted. Even though adoption can be thought of as a loving choice, it is also a lucrative business earning approximately 1. 4 billion dollars a year; confidential adoptions are roughly $60,000. The childs wellbeing is subsequent to the money that can be acquired. Sadly, there is a valid unspoken possibility that these children will be physically, sexually, and mentally abused. For instance, seven-year-old Nathanial Carver was beaten to death by his adopted parents; his body had nearly 80 external injuries – 20 of them to his head August 19, 2009. A 4-year-old girl adoptee suffered bruises, welts, cuts and burns to her face and upper body from scalding hot bath water February 21, 2010. The time to increase society’s consciousness to the abuse in the adoption system is now; these are children not merchandise. The lesson to ascertain unwanted pregnancies provide a platform for abuse and neglect, which in turn warps the child who will eventually be part of society. People need to meet requirements to drive or carry a gun, but anyone can make and mold a life; it is time for that to change. Is Adoption the Heroic Choice? Women who make adoption plans for their children are heroes. In fact, they may be among the most heroic people in our society. Few people place the needs of others so far ahead of their own needs. A birth mother, who makes an adoption plan for her child, makes, if not the ultimate sacrifice for her child, certainly one, which few of us would have the courage to make. A birth mother makes an adoption plan because she loves her baby and wants to provide more for her baby than she herself can provide. This is not because she is a bad person or an unfit parent, far from it. In fact she realizes the limitations of what she can realistically provide for her child. She makes the most difficult decision of her life; allowing another person the opportunity to parent her child, to love her child, and to have a relationship with her child; which she knows that she can only dream. Unfortunately, in our society, women who choose to abort their babies receive more support and encouragement than those who make an adoption plan. Fully one half of the American public believes that a woman has an absolute right to abort her child. In fact, many of those same people would use force, if necessary, to ensure that a woman has a right to abort her child. They would campaign against a political figure who did not support abortion, and would try to block appointments to the United States Supreme Court or even lobby against cabinet nominees. If they believed that the person may try to curtail abortion in our country (Kirsh, 1993). What are Christian Beliefs Regarding Abortion Issues? Christians divided on the issue of Abortion. The polls show that a majority of people have reservations about both the extreme pro-life and pro-choice positions.

Social Facts Essays

Social Facts Essays Social Facts Essay Social Facts Essay A. Social Facts Durkheim defined social facts as things external to, and coercive of, the actor. These are created from collective forces and do not emanate from the individual (Hadden, p. 104). While they may not seem to be observable, social facts are things, and are to be studied empirically, not philosophically (Ritzer, p. 78). They cannot be deduced from pure reason or thought, but require a study of history and society in order to observe their effects and understand the nature of these social facts. In The Rules of Sociological Method, Durkheim begins by noting features such as the following (quote 3): Social Facts. When I fulfil my obligations as brother, husband, or citizen, when I execute my contracts, I perform duties which are defined, externally to myself and my acts, in law and in custom. Even if they conform to my own sentiments and I feel their reality subjectively, such reality is still objective, for I did not create them; I merely inherited them through my education. (Rules, p. 1). As examples of social facts, Durkheim cites religious beliefs, currency used to undertake transactions, and factors such as the practices followed in my profession (Rules, p. 2). These types of conduct or thought are not only external to the individual but are, moreover, endowed with coercive power, by virtue of which they impose themselves upon him, independent of his individual will. (Rules, p. 2). While obligations, values, attitudes, and beliefs may appear to be individual, Durkheim argues that these social facts exist at the level of society as a whole, arising from social relationships and human association. They exist as a result of social interactions and historical developments over long periods of time, and come from varying collective representations and diverse forms of social organization (Hadden, p. 04). As individuals who are born and raised in a society, these social facts are learned (through socialization) and generally accepted, but the individual has nothing to do with establishing these. While society is composed of individuals, society is not just the sum of individuals, and these facts exist at the level of society, not at the individua l level. As such, these social facts do exist, they are the social reality of society, a reality that constitutes the proper study of sociology (Cuff et al. , p. 33). The study of social facts is the distinct object or subject matter of sociology (Hadden, p. 105). Durkheim istinguishes social facts from psychological, biological, or economic facts by noting that these are social and rooted in group sentiments and values. At the same time, he distinguishes the study of social facts from philosophy by noting that the real effects of social facts are manifested in external indicators of sentiments such as religious doctrines, laws, moral codes (Hadden, p. 105) and these effects can be observed and studied by the sociologist. The study of social facts is thus a large part of the study of sociology. In order to do this, the sociologist must rid themselves of preconceptions (Hadden, p. 07) and undertake objective study which can focus on objective, external indicators such as religious do ctrines or laws (Hadden, p. 107). Each social fact is real, something that is constraining on the individual and external to the actor. The social fact is not just in the mind of the individual – that is, these facts are more than psychological facts. That these exist in society as a whole, over time, and sometimes across societies, provides some proof of this. At the same time they are in the minds of individuals so they are also mental states. Ritzer notes that social facts can be considered to be mental phenomena that are external to and coercive of psychological facts, such as human instincts. The individual mental state could be considered to intervene between social fact and action (Ritzer, p. 105). Durkheim may not have provided a sufficient analysis of the assumptions underlying, or the characteristics of, these mental states. For Durkheim the study of sociology should be the study of social facts, attempting to find the causes of social facts and the functions of these social facts. Social facts regulate human social action and act as constraints over individual behaviour and action. They may be enforced with law, with clearly defined penalties associated with violation of the sentiments and values of the group. Sanctions may be associated with social facts, for example as in religion, where resistance may result in disapproval from others or from spiritual leaders. Individuals may be unaware of social facts and generally accept them. In this case, individuals may accept the values and codes of society and accept them as their own. Two types of social facts are material and non-material social facts. Material social facts are features of society such as social structures and institutions. These could be the system of law, the economy, church and many aspects of religion, the state, and educational institutions and structures. They could also include features such as channels of communication, urban structures, and population distribution. While these are important for understanding the structures and form of interaction in any society, it is nonmaterial social facts that constitute the main subject of study of sociology. Nonmaterial social facts are social facts which do not have a material reality. They consist of features such as norms, values, and systems of morality. Some contemporary examples are the norm of the one to three child family, the positive values associated with family structures, and the negative associations connected to aggression and anger. In Durkheims terminology, some of these nonmaterial social facts are morality, collective consciousness, and social currents. An example of the latter is Durkheims analysis of suicide. Social facts can also be divided into normal and pathological social facts (Hadden, pp. 08-9). Normal social facts are the most widely distributed and useful social facts, assisting in the maintenance of society and social life. Pathological social facts are those that we might associate with social problems and ills of various types. Suicide is one example of this, where social facts ought to be different. For Durkheim, the much greater frequency of the normal is proof of the superiority of the normal. Durkheim later modified the notion of a single collective consciousness, and adopted the view that there were collective representations as part of specific states of substrata of the collective. That is, there may be different norms and values for different groups within society. These collective representations are also social facts because they are in the consciousness of some collective and are not reducible to individual consciousnesses (Ritzer, p. 87). The social structures, institutions, norms and values that have become part of the study of sociology can be derived from Durkheims approach, and today there is little difficulty distinguishing sociology from psychology. B. Suicide After Durkheim wrote The Rules of Sociological Method, he tackled the subject of suicide as an example of how a sociologist can study a subject that seems extremely personal, with no social aspect to it – even being anti-social. It could be argued that suicide is such a personal act that it involves only personal psychology and purely individual thought processes. Durkheims aim was not to explain or predict an individual tendency to suicide, but to explain one type of nonmaterial social facts, social currents. Social currents are characteristics of society, but may not have the permanence and stability that some parts of collective consciousness or collective representation have. They may be associated with movements such as enthusiasm, indignation, and pity. (Ritzer, p. 87). Hadden notes that Durkheim wished to show that sociological factors were capable of explaining much about such anti-social phenomena (Hadden, p. 109). In the case of suicide, these social currents are expressed as suicide rates, rates that differ among societies, and among different groups in society. These rates show regularities over time, with changes in the rates often occurring at similar times in different societies. Thus these rates can be said to be social facts (or at least the statistical representation of social facts) in the sense that they are not just personal, but are societal characteristics. This can be seen in the following quote (quote 12): Suicide Rates as Social Facts. At each moment of its history, therefore, each society has a definite aptitude for suicide. The relative intensity of this aptitude is measured by taking the proportion between the total number of voluntary deaths and the population of every age and sex. We will call this numerical datum the rate of mortality through suicide, characteristic of the society under consideration. The suicide-rate is therefore a factual order, unified and definite, as is shown by both its permanence and its variability. For this permanence would be inexplicable if it were not the result of a group of distinct characteristics, solidary with one another, and simultaneously effective in spite of different attendant circumstances; and this variability proves the concrete and individual quality of these same characteristics, since they vary with the individual character of society itself. In short, these statistical data express the suicidal tendency with which each society is collectively afflicted. Each society is predisposed to contribute a definite quota of voluntary deaths. This predisposition may therefore be the subject of a special study belonging to sociology. (Suicide, pp. 48, 51). Durkheim takes up the analysis of suicide in a very quantitative and statistical manner. While he did not have available to him very precise or complete data or sophisticated statistical techniques, his method is exemplary in showing how to test hypotheses, reject incorrect explanations for suicide, sort through a great variety of ossible explanations, and attempt to control for extraneous factors. Some of the factors that others had used to explain suicide were heredity, climate, race, individual psychopathic states (mental illness), and imitation. As an example of Durkheims method, consider how he analyzes cosmic factors, such as weather or season. Durkheim (Suicide, p. 107) no tes that in all countries suicide is greater in the summer months, that no country is an exception to this, and that the proportion of suicides in the six warmer months to the six colder months is very similar in each country. Durkheim notes that this has led some commentators to say the heat increases the excitability of the nervous system (Suicide, p. 108). But suicide may result from depression as much as from over-excitement, and heat cannot possibly act the same way on both causes. Further, a closer analysis by Durkheim considers temperature variations and shows that while suicides increase in number as temperature increases, suicides reach a peak before the temperature does. In addition, if temperature is a cause of suicide, warm countries might be expected to have more suicides than cold countries, but the opposite tends to be the case. A related explanation that Durkheim considers is that great changes in temperature are associated with suicide, but again he finds that there is no correlation between suicide rates and the fact of temperature change. Rather, the causes must be in some factor that has continuity over time. He then notes that the rates are more closely connected to the length of day, with suicides increasing as the days grow longer, and decreasing in number as the length of day declines. But it is not the sun itself which is the cause, because at noontime there are fewer suicides than at other times of the day. What Durkheim finds is that the factors associated with higher numbers of suicides must be those that relate to the time when social life is at its height (Suicide, p. 119). The time of day, the day of week, the season of the year, and so on, are not in themselves the reason for the changes in the number of suicides. Rather, the times when social life and interaction among people are greater, are also those associated with increased suicide. Durkheim concludes this section by saying (quote 13): Four Types of Suicide The manner in which social integration and regulation work can be better seen by examining the four fold classification of suicides that Durkheim developed. Durkheim ends his discussion of the organic-psychic and physical environmental factors by concluding that they cannot explain each social group[s] specific tendency to suicide. (Suicide, p. 145). By eliminating other explanations, Durkheim claims that these tendencies must depend on social causes and must be collective phenomena. The key to each type is a social factor, with the degrees of integration and regulation into society being either too high or too low. (The following discussion is drawn from Ritzer, pp. 90 ff. ). 1. Egoistic Suicide. This is the type of suicide that occurs where the degree of social integration is low, and there is a sense of meaningless among individuals. In traditional societies, with mechanical solidarity, this is not likely to be the cause of suicide. There the strong collective consciousness gives people a broad sense of meaning to their lives. Within modern society, the weaker collective consciousness means that people may not see the same meaning in their lives, and unrestrained pursuit of individual interests may lead to strong dissatisfaction. One of the results of this can be suicide. Individuals who are strongly integrated into a family structure, a religious group, or some other type of integrative group are less likely to encounter these problems, and that explains the lower suicide rates among them. The factors leading to egoistic suicide can be social currents such as depression and disillusionment. For Durkheim, these are social forces or social facts, even though it is the depressed or melancholy individual who takes his or her life voluntarily. Actors are never free of the force of the collectivity: However individualized a man may be, there is always something collective remaining – the very depression and melancholy resulting from this same exaggerated individualism. Also, on p. 214 of Suicide, Durkheim says Thence are formed currents of depression and disillusionment emanating from no particular individual but expressing societys state of disillusionment. Durkheim notes that the bond attaching man to life relaxes because that attaching him to society is itself slack. The individual yields to the slightest shock of circumstance because the state of society has made him a ready prey to suicide. (Suicide, pp. 214-215). 2. Altruistic Suicide. This is the type of suicide that occurs when integration is too great, the collective consciousness too strong, and the indivi dual is forced into committing suicide. (Ritzer, p. 91). Integration may not be the direct cause of suicide here, but the social currents that go along with this very high degree of integration can lead to this. The followers of Jim Jones of the People’s Temple or the members of the Solar Temple are an example of this, as are ritual suicides in Japan. Ritzer notes that some may feel it is their duty to commit suicide. (p. 91). Examples in primitive society cited by Durkheim are suicides of those who are old and sick, suicides of women following the death of their husband, and suicides of followers after the death of a chief. According to Durkheim this type of suicide may actually springs from hope, for it depends on the belief in beautiful perspectives beyond this life. 3. Anomic Suicide. Anomie or anomy come from the Greek meaning lawlessness. Nomos means usage, custom, or law and nemein means to distribute. Anomy thus is social instability resulting from breakdown of standards and values. (Websters Dictionary). This is a type of suicide related to too low a degree of regulation, or external constraint on people. As with the anomic division of labour, this can occur when the normal form of the division of labour is disrupted, and the collectivity is temporarily incapable of exercising its authority over individuals. (Ritzer, p. 92). This can occur either during periods associated with economic depression (stock market crash of the 1930s) or over-rapid economic expansion. New situations with few norms, the regulative effect of structures is weakened, and the individual may feel rootless. In this situation, an individual may be subject to anomic social currents. People that are freed from constraints become slaves to their passions, and as a result, according to Durkheims view, commit a wide range of destructive acts, including killing themselves in greater numbers than they ordinarily would. (Ritzer, p. , 92). In addition to economic anomie, Durkheim also spends time examining domestic anomie. For example, suicides of family members may occur after the death of a husband or wife. 4. Fatalistic Suicide. When regulation is too strong, Durkheim considers the possibility that persons with futures pitilessly blocked and passions v iolently choked by oppressive discipline may see no way out. The individual sees no possible manner in which their lives can be improved, and when in a state of melancholy, may be subject to social currents of fatalistic suicide. Summary. Durkheims analysis of suicide shows the manner n which the social as opposed to the psychological and biological can be emphasized, and how it results in some useful ways of analyzing the actions of individuals. Suicide rates as expressions of social currents are social facts that affect societies and individuals within those societies. The study of psychology is still useful in attempting to determine individual motives and the mann er in which the specific circumstances can lead to an individual deciding to voluntarily end their life. But an analysis of these circumstances should be set within the context of the social currents to which that individual is subject. The method of analysis of Durkheim should prove useful even today. In terms of suicide, the social causes are now well recognized, and any analysis of suicide would have to include these. Some combination of egoistic, anomic, and fatalistic types of suicide may help explain and understand this phenomenon. More generally, the method of Suicide is exemplary in providing researchers with a means of understanding the social factors that are associated with particular phenomena. Durkheim examines patterns on the data in an attempt to determine how social factors can play a role in explaining these phenomena. This might be applied to sociobiological arguments today. The trends themselves are not the cause, but indicative of a cause, a social explanation has to be found. C. Conclusions about Durkheim 1. Contributions a. Social Facts and Social Aspects. These are real things that do affect people. He had a strong structural view of society, and the manner in which each of us is influenced by these social facts and how we must fit into these. Durkheim attempted to see a role for the social as distinguished from the economic, psychological and biological. This can be seen in his view of the social influences on suicide rates, where he takes a wide variety of factors and considers their influence on the tendency or aptitude for suicide. The effect of each of these factors is not a simple connection between the factor and the tendency to suicide, but must be mediated by social factors. In particular, the social factors that he identified were the degree of integration and the degree of regulation. For modern theories of sociobiology, and the influence of genetics, Durkheims approach could prove a useful counter. References Cuff, E. C. , W. W. Sharrock and D. W. Francis, Perspectives in Sociology, third edition, London, Routledge, 1992. HM66 P36 1984 Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labor in Society, New York, The Free Press, 1933. Referred to in notes as Division. HD 51 D98 Durkheim, Emile, The Rules of Sociological Method, New York, The Free Press, 1938. Referred to in notes as Rules. HM 24 D962 Durkheim, Emile, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, New York, The Free Press, 1951. Referred to in notes as Suicide. HV 6545 D812 Giddens, Anthony, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1971. HM19 G53. Ritzer, George, Sociological Theory, third edition, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1992. HM24 R4938. Social Explanation. If voluntary deaths increase from January to July, it is not because heat disturbs the organism, but because social life is more intense. To be sure, this greater intensity derives from the greater ease of development of social life in the Summer than in the Winter, owing to the suns position , the state of the atmosphere, etc. But the physical environment does not stimulate it directly; above all, it has no effect on the progression of suicide. The latter depends on social conditions. Suicide, pp. 121-122). While this is not a proof or determination of what causes suicide yet, Durkheim notes that the causes must relate to collective life and must be such that these time factors can be incorporated into an explanation. But the explanation must be social in nature, and cannot be simply related to natural factors, these natural factors must work socially, and affe ct some social aspects which are related to suicide. Note that Durkheim s method here is very empirical, and he searches through various sorts of data and evidence to find factors associated with suicide. But the explanation is not simply a relation between these data and suicides. Rather he is searching for social causes or conditions that are expressed through these. That is, he uses data to discover patterns, but the patterns themselves are not the cause of the phenomenon. Rather the cause is social, and the observed, empirical patterns constitute a means of finding underlying causes. Another factor that Durkheim considers is religion. While he does find that religion is associated with suicide, in the sense that Protestant countries and regions have higher suicide rates than do Catholic ones, religious doctrines are not an important factor in explaining these differences. That is, suicide is condemned more or less equally in each religion, and doctrinal statements concerning suicide are all negative. If there is a difference between the two religions with respect to suicide rates, it must be in some aspect of social organization that differs between the two churches. But if this is the factor related to suicide, then it is the social organization that is the cause of the difference, not religion in itself. Giddens notes (p. 83) that Durkheim finds further proof of this in other factors related to social organization, that is, family structure. Where there is more integration in family structure, the suicides are lesser in number. Durkheim argues that the most important aspects of social organization and collective life for explaining differences in suicide rates are the degree of integration into and regulation by society. For Durkheim, integration is the degree to which collective sentiments are shared and regulation refers to the degree of external constraint on people. (Ritzer, p. 90). Catholicism is a more highly integrated religion than Protestantism, and it is in this that the difference in suicide rates is expressed. That is, it is not the religious doctrines themselves but the different social organization of the two religions. As Giddens notes (p. 83), degree of integration of family structure is related in the same way to suicides. Those in larger families are less likely to commit suicide, whereas those in smaller families, or single, are more likely. Over time, various social factors also make their influence felt. Durkheim notes that there was a decline in the number of suicides in all the European countries in 1848, a year of revolution and political change throughout Europe. Times of political crisis, war, and economic change are also associated with changes in the rate of suicide. Each of these great social movements could be considered to be examples of social currents that have widespread impact within and across societies. Ritzer (p. 89) notes that Durkheim was making two arguments. First, he argued that different collectivities have different collective consciousness or collective representation. These produce different social currents, and these lead to different suicide rates. By studying different groups and societies, some of these currents can be analyzed, and the effect of these on suicide can be determined. Second, changes in the collective consciousness lead to changes in social currents. These are then associated with changes in suicide rates (quote 14): Sociological Explanation. The conclusion from all these facts is that the social suicide-rate can be explained only sociologically. At any given moment the moral constitution of society established the contingent of voluntary deaths. There is, therefore, for each people a collective force of a definite amount of energy, impelling men to self-destruction. The victims acts which at first seem to express only his personal temperament are really the supplement and prolongation of a social condition which they express externally. Each social group really has a collective inclination for the act, quite its own, and the source of all individual inclination, rather than the result. It is made up of the currents of egoism, altruism or anomy running through the society under consideration with the tendencies to languorous melancholy, active renunciation or exasperated weariness derivative from these currents. These tendencies of the whole social body, by affecting individuals, cause them to commit suicide. The private experiences usually thought to be the proximate causes of suicide have only the influence borrowed from the victims moral predisposition, itself and echo of the moral state of society. (Suicide, pp. 299-300).

Are legislatures always weaker than executives Essay

Are legislatures always weaker than executives - Essay Example Fundamentally, the legislative arm of the government has had two inherent contradictory roles: sustaining the executive and holding them to account between electoral cycles. Even though the legislative role of sustaining the executive is not in doubt, parliamentary oversight seems to be a poorly coordinated task that often lets the executive off the hook. Noteworthy, the nexus between sustaining the government and the task of challenging it and holding it to task opens a Pandora box full of fallacious fantasies – a fallacious inequity that, no doubt, tilts the balance of power towards the executive. Despite the wide adoption of democratic principles of governance across nations, an understanding that has significantly strengthened accountability and transparency mecha ­nisms with regard to promotion of evidence-informed policy processes, legislatures remain comparatively weaker in relation to the executive in terms of raw power necessary to effect immediate leadership challe nges. The Executive and Parliament: A Historical Perspective The impact of constitutional structures with regards to their political behavior and performance is central in the study of comparative governments. In particular, understanding the balance power between the executive and the legislature in either the parliamentary or presidential systems has been an area of focus in political research (Mustapic, 2002). Structured governmental control stems much from the historical politics of the mid- and late nineteenth century. Designed at a time when the role of government was limited in scope, the convention of superiority of the executive power over the legislature indeed antedates the modern presidential and parliamentary systems of governments. From inception to the present day politics, there is no pretense that executive autonomy bears much capacity and capability to remedy or compensate for social ills on its own without parliaments’ approval. In his submission on the sub ject, Bagehot, a British economist and journalist, referred to the convention of executive authority as the ‘buckle’ and the lynch-pin in the Whitehall-Westminster model (Flinders, 2002). Though modest in both size and ambition at the time, it was reasonable for a competent minister to have a personal control over small departmental portfolios in the mid-Victorian state. Strikingly similar, governmental administration in the first quarter of the nineteenth century fell under ministerial responsibility. But even then as is it to date, the powers vested in a ministerial mandate were highly doubtful in terms of usage. Supporting the foregoing, Cobbett (1823) wrote: â€Å"Ankle-pinching socks are like ministerial powers; a thing to talk about but for no use; a thing to laugh over; and a mere mockery at those whom real power is vested†. Constitutions the world over are molded around the concept of responsible executive authority for strong and stable leadership. Nothi ng services this claim better than a two-branch debate that culminated in the creation of the United States Constitution – a model constitutional debate that has since served as a roadmap to numerous constitutions around the world. While the federalists such as Alexander Hamilton rooted for ‘

The Effects of Spirituality on Substance Abuse Treatment Research Paper

The Effects of Spirituality on Substance Abuse Treatment - Research Paper Example Various studies have indicated that there is a strong relationship between spirituality and medicine. These studies express that the majority of the US population believe in God and most of them believe that spiritual health is also as important as physical health (Anandarajah and Hight, 2001).   Seventy-seven percent of the population also believes that a patient’s spiritual beliefs must form part of the patient’s treatment.   However, a good percentage of these believers express that physicians rarely discuss their spiritual concerns with the patients and this has prevented the inclusion of personal spirituality into the patient’s lives (Anandarajah and Hight, 2001).   Religious commitments have been known to prevent illness, including mental health affectations like depression and substance abuse; they have also been known to assist the patient in his recovery and in coping with his illness.   Some studies were also able to discuss how elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery who did not show strength or find comfort in their religion had a higher risk of death in the six-month period following their surgery (Anandarajah and Hight, 2001).   Those who had more religiously commitments were twice as likely to survive longer after major surgeries with the strength and comfort of their religion playing a significant role in their lives.   Relaxation and meditation are also highlighted as a crucial element of spirituality and when applied to the medical practice, it is known to relieve a person’s stress, causing less strain to the person’s overall physical and emotional well-being.   It provides a placebo effect which eventually triggers a favorable frame of mind which can provide more tools for recovery and restoration.   Among substance abuse person, spirituality is a very beneficial addition because it basically provides emotional support and guidance to the person, arming him with the necessary emotional and psychological tools for recovery.   Recovering from drug and alcohol addiction requires a significant amount of willpower on the part of the patient.  

Germanys Proposals on EU Multiannual Financial Framework

Germanys Proposals on EU Multiannual Financial Framework GERMANY’S REFORM PROPOSALS ON THE FUTURE STRATEGIC DIRECTION OF THE MULTIANNUAL FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK Introduction This report is written from the perspective of Germany concerning the EU Multiannual Financial Framework, which is the seven-year structure that regulates its annual budget. The account starts with a review of the existing financial state and standing of Germany within the context of her strength within the network of states. It provides an assessment of the demographic and human resource capabilities of Germany in the areas of education and skills, technology, and research and development. The report proceeds by giving an outline of the reform proposals of Germany on the future strategic direction of the financial framework by highlighting areas of particular interests as regards increasing or decreasing the package, and the potential areas for a rebalancing of the budget. The report concludes by outlining how the proposed spending priorities will give value-added opportunities for the EU as a whole. In writing the report considerations were given to the overall evolution of the budgetary debate over the recent years. 2.1  Reform Proposals Two policy areas which have dominated the overall EU expenditure over the past decades are agricultural and structural policies. The two policy areas are the focus of Germany’s reform proposals. Germany seeks a reordering of spending priorities, maintenance of the overall budget level while exploring other means of revenue generation for the EU budget. The reforms proposed are as follows: 2.2  Proposal 1 Reduce CAP Spending By 10% (Heading 2) According to (EC, 2011), currently over a fourth of the EU budget is expended on subsidies to farmers whether they are involved in any significant economic activity or not. The EC outlines that direct payments to farmers are based on traditional entitlement as opposed to definitive need for social protection in agriculture. Germany proposes that direct payments received by the top 11 EU member states be reduced by 50%. These measures will result in a reduction of CAP spending by 10%, which represents â‚ ¬27.8 billion in the next financial package. 2.3  Proposal 2 Reduce Cohesion Fund Spending by 10% (Heading 1b) According to (Bachtler, 2003), the convergence objective is to correct fiscal and societal disparities amongst EU member states with a GDP less than 75% of the EU average. Currently all regions in EU member states with a GDP above 75% of the EU average are covered under Heading 1b. Germany proposal is that the requirement to have a GDP below 75% should apply to member states only and not the regions. Germany is of the view that restructuring of the eligibility conditions would save a total of â‚ ¬32.5 billion. 2.4  Proposal 3 Increase the EU’s Foreign policy budget by 5 % Heading 4 of the MFF is currently allocated about 6% of the EU budget. (Sà ¶derbaum, 2005) observes that since the institution of the Common Foreign and Security Policy in 1992, the tendency has been to put the heading at the bottom of the budget. He asserts that the poor funding has negatively impacted the management of EU external relations. The 5% additional spending would represent an increase of â‚ ¬2.94 billion. 3. HOW PROPOSED SPENDING PRIORITIES WILL CREATE VALUE-ADDED OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE EU 3.1  Value Added Opportunities Thus, Germany would like to see the savings from the aforementioned proposals reallocated into the following priority areas: 3.2  Youth Employment According to (Eurostat, 2014), there are 7.5 million youth in the EU not in employment, education, and training. Germany’s youth unemployment represents 7.7 % of this figure. Germany believes this problem can be addressed by apprenticeship schemes and initiatives in Germany and across the EU. Companies who engage in the schemes will benefit from net profits on their investment, and the apprentices will learn skills that will increase the prospect of future employability that will result in increased tax revenue and less welfare payments. 3.3  Competitiveness Research and Development According to the (EC, 2011), the EU accounts for 24 % of global research investments. (Van Noorden, 2014) believes that the EU needs a push presently to increase its Research Development spending because it faces the risk of falling behind its international competitors in America and Asia. Additional spending will help to increase collaboration between science and industry and augment the extent to which researches are successfully translated into new technology, ensuring that the EU is prepared to face the challenges of the future. 3.4  Expansion of the Trans Europe Network According to (Spiekermann, 1996) the purpose of the trans-European networks (TEN) is to improve economic and social cohesion through efficient connection of the main economic centres. The savings from the cuts should be reassigned to completion of key transport projects through the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), the EUs funding system for trans-European transport. This would expedite completion of networks that will improve the inter-operability between the central and outer regions of the union, and bring economic opportunities and beneficial social impact. 3.5  EU Foreign Policy (Euractiv, 2011), outlines that the EU struggles to find a single voice global affairs and is often marginalized by other countries. It presents the argument that the EUs declining influence abroad is proportional to its foreign expenditure and the size of its diplomatic corps. (Emerson, et al, 2011), expresses the need for a restructuring of European diplomacy through the building of a first rate diplomatic corps. The spending will strengthen EU’s influence so it can play an active role in creating peace and well-being in an interdependent world. 3.6  Renewable Energy (105 Words) References Bachtler, J., 2003. Reforming EU Cohesion Policy: An Assessment of the Debate.Intereconomics,38(6), pp. 302-305. Emerson, Michael, Rosa Balfour, Tim Corthaut, Jan Wouters, Piotr Maciej KaczyÅ„ski, and Thomas Renard.Upgrading the EUs Role as Global Actor. Centre for European Policy Studies, 2011. EurActive (2013, January 23) .The EUs role in global governance. Retrieved March 5, 2014, from http://www.euractiv.com/global-europe/eus-role-global-governance-linksdossier-503726 European Commission. (2011). CAP Towards 2020 Impact Assessment. Retrieved February 10, 2014, fromhttp://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rica/pdf/PO0202_direct_payments.pdfEuropean Commission. (2011). Innovation Union Competitiveness Report 2011. Overall picture: Europe’s competitive position in research and innovation. Retrieved March 5, 2014, from http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/competitiveness-report/2011/overall_picture.pdfEuroStat (2014).Unemployment Statistics. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics Sà ¶derbaum, F., Van Langenhove, L. (2005). Introduction: the EU as a global actor and the role of interregionalism.European Integration,27(3), 249-262.Van Noorden, R. (2014, January 08). China tops Europe in RD intensity. Retrieved February 14, 2014, from http://www.nature.com/news/china-tops-europe-in-rd-intensity-1.14476. Conclusion Germany considers that the principal means by which the EU can meet its objectives is through innovation, technological advancement, research and development, employment creation, training, new skills development, economies of scale, a modern energy policy, and a comprehensible and participatory foreign policy. In order to achieve these key targets fundamental changes are necessary in the content of the budget, revenues, and the overall spending programs so that budget expenditures can add beneficial value to the EU. Under this budgeting approach, priority would be given to policy areas that are most favourable to long-term competitiveness. Given the traditional budgeting pattern of the past Germany appreciates that this is an ambitious budgeting framework to advocate, but it is one that would provide lasting value by making the EU the most competitive and modern society in the world. Lastly, Germany recognizes the need for other means of revenue to finance future EU budgets. Many options has been proffered, such as an EU tax on financial transactions, revenues from greenhouse gas emission, EU tax linked to air transport, EU VAT, and EU energy tax. The issue of EU own resource is a controversial one because Member States have always shown opposition to the idea of an EU tax. In addition, introducing a new tax in the current economic climate runs the risk of disaffecting citizens and other Member States. However, Germany is of the view that deliberation must continue on the development of viable options through which the EU budget can be financed in order to relieve the donor fatigue on her part and other net contributors.