Public Prisons vs. Private Prisons - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2737 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Level High school Did you like this example? Public Prisons vs. Private Prisons Introduction Most people will never go to prison in their life. Without a personal connection to the prison system in the United States, most people just donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t care about it. They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t think of violence, reoffending or fair salaries for the workers. They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t care if someone goes to jail and gets sent back or if the food is good and people are comfortable. These opinions change quickly when talking to someone with a friend or family member in jail. They understand where their money goes, how much things cost, and who is profiting off of the hardships of their loved one. There are several advantages and disadvantages of using private sector prisons in the United States. There are issues with taxpayer funding of public versus private prisons, the lack of support that public prisons have, and the issues in funding that come along with private sector prison programs and the employment and operational costs of the facilities. When you look at t he facts of public and private prisons, there are a lot of issues to debate and concerns to be raised. Many people feel there are morality issues when you see how guards treat prisoners, especially in the private ones. The controversy of wages and how fair they are and the possibility of CEOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s getting extra privileges is also something that concerns people. There is also controversy over where the money in the prison system should be spent. Is it important to help and educate prisoners so they do not come back to jail? Or should prison be someplace uncomfortable and miserable so you donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to ever come back? The purpose of this paper is to weigh the pros and cons of operating correctional facilities as businesses. The government obviously runs public prisons, but is it fair for businesses to make millions and millions of dollars off of crime? Tax payer money goes to public prisons and they fail a lot of times, so thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why p rivate prisons are being built. But since the government isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t regulating these private prisons, it is hard to keep them honest and fair and keep track of what goes on inside. Problems with public prisons can be seen on both the state and federal level. There are problems with overcrowding, inmate violence and reoffending. However, even though taxes are being sent to these prisons, nothing is being done to reform the problems. You always hear on the news and on television about the inequalities of races in prisons and the large numbers of people that go to jail, get let out and then go back. If these problems were looked at more seriously, they could be solved or at least made better, and citizens would feel more comfortable about how their taxes are being spent by the government. Private prisons are basically businesses that make money off of the pain, suffering and mistakes of others by sending people to jail. It is controversial because many people feel tha t private companies should not be allowed to make money off of crime. People who like private prisons and are in favor of them argue that these new facilities will lower their taxes and bring in new jobs to the area. A lot of citizens like this idea because most of them do not have family or friends in prison, and prisoners brought in to private prisons are not always from that geographic area. People like to see their money go into things theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re interested in, like parks if they like nature or education if they have kids. A lot of people forget sometimes that lowering crime makes everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life better. It is true that most of the times private prisons use less public funds, but it is important to see why they are using less money. Since private prisons are not run by the government there is no senator or mayor approving how the money is used. A lot of corners can be cut because there is not as much oversight and people do not need approval for projects or budget cuts. This also lowers operational costs because less people have to be hired, fed and accounted for but both workers and prisoners suffer. Crime has always been around and is never going away, but just because that is the case does not mean crime is something that should be profited off of. There are many advantages and disadvantages to using private prisons instead of public ones in the United States. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Public Prisons vs. Private Prisons" essay for you Create order The Pros of Having Private Prisons: In recent years, private prisons have become a big business in the United States. We have gone from having 44 private prisons in 1990 to about half of convicts going to private prisons in 2009 (Pollard, 2012). The largest owner of private prisons is called the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) and they make five times as much money today as they did 20 years ago. Companies like the CCA have been offering to take over public prisons that are failing in 48 of the 50 states (Simmons, 2013). State governments like private prisons because they can be built fast and cost less money to operate. Public prisons have to deal with government funding and what materials are available from the state or federal governments at their location. But, the private companies can put up the buildings faster and lower the costs to operate them. (Pollard, 2012). For these reasons, many people are starting to prefer private prisons to public ones. One reason residents like private prisons is becau se they can increase revenues and income for the area theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re in. The increase in money benefits the citizens not just because the town or city gets money, but prisons are also big buildings that need employees so a lot of jobs are also provided. Jobs like corrections officers, nurses, therapists and clerks will be available in the prison and sometimes more officers are added to the police force. One county that benefitted from having a private prison built there is Karnes County in Texas. In 1998 the GEO Group built a private corrections facility there and it went so well that they built another one in 2011. The facility in 2011 was a detention center for immigrants and it housed 600 people. With both of these private prisons together, the county had around 250 new jobs and an extra $150,000 coming in in taxes (Palaez, 2014). The happiest part of having a private prison in your community is the way you can give back. Also in Karnes County, Texas, GEO Group contr ibuted so much to the community. Every year, they give $4,000 for school scholarships and about $6,000 to the court house so it can stay open. And not everything they donate is large amounts of money. GEO Group also donates to the local Rotary Club, Toys for Tots, the Little League and the local cancer walk fundraiser (Palaez, 2014). With all this money, it is hard for a private prison to come to a town or city and not be seen as powerful and successful. Local community members like the good things that come from the prisons since they are places where bad things are expected to happen. The Cons of Private Prisons: Unless you know someone in prison, a lot of times it is hard to understand policies and what ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s like there. Since private prisons are private, they do not have the same government regulations that public prisons have. This means that fees and costs do not need to be checked or approved. A good example of high fees that could be seen as unjust is Virginia mom Pat Taylor. Her son is in a private prison for a twenty year sentence. On top of paying for her own living expenses, she must also pay for her son Eddie and his basic needs like toilet paper, tooth paste and winter clothes. A new system out of Florida called JPay is what prison families use to get money to their family members. As a private company, they can charge fees as high as they want to. The company can also send money to the inmates slower to cut costs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sending a money order through JPay takes too long, so Taylor started using her debit card to get him funds instead. To send Eddie $ 50, Taylor must pay $6.95 to JPay. Depending on how much she can afford to send, the fee can be as high as 35 percent. In other states, JPayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fees approach 45 percent. After the fee, the state takes out another 15 percent of her money for court fees and a mandatory savings account, which Eddie will receive upon his release in 2021, minus the interest, which goes to the Department of Corrections,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Wagner 2014). So as you see here, JPay is profiting both off of Pat Taylor and the length of her sonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s jail time because they get interest off of all his payments for the whole sentence. It is easy to ignore the problems at private prisons because most of them are unseen. People donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know how they get their money and donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t care because they know that taxes can be lowered from private prisons. But how are these costs cut? One way is by requiring the prisons to meet quotas. This means if the prison i s required to be at a certain capacity, meaning more prisoners are sent there and they get more money. In the article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“6 Shocking Revelations About how Private Prisons Make Money,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  April Short talks about the moral issues she has with private prisons and also tells six facts about private prisons that most people are not aware of. One thing that she talks about that is important is that a lot of private prisons use occupancy guarantee clauses. These contracts are between the private prison and the government to guarantee that a certain number of prisoners are sent to the prison each year and that makes their profit higher. These occupancy guarantee clauses range between 80% and 100%. 90% is the most frequent occupancy guarantee requirement. Arizona, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Virginia have contracts with the highest occupancy guarantee requirements. All of their quotas require between 95% and 100% occupancy. There is one contract that really sticks out. Lak e Erie Correctional Institution in Ohio has a 20 year deal that includes a 90% quota. This quota will go on for a long time and has let the prison cut corners on safety, including overcrowding, areas without secure doors and an increase in crime both inside the prison and in the surrounding community (Short 2013). Money is also saved by lowering staffing costs.Workers at private prisons make less money than workers in public ones. You can see the low wages workers are paid in Oklahoma. The salary for a corrections officer at a private prison is $11.93 an hour with most officers making around $22,700 a year. Since they barely make any money, officers in this state are likely to use food stamps or reduced lunch programs for their kids (Simmons 2013). This is why private prisons have so many problems. They focus on cutting costs instead of treating employees and prisoners the right way and therefore end up with a lot more isssues. The last fact that shows private prisons in a bad light is their executive pay rate. Even though prison guards and employees are the ones that help the prisons run, CEOs and executives make a lot more money. Two private groups that really show how much businesses benefit from prison are GEP Group and the Corrections Corporation of America. The CEOs of both these companies made more than $3 million each in 2012 and together the companies are worth more than $1 billion (Wagner 2014). Both Sides of the Issue: There are so many different ways to look at prison issues. In most cases, people are only concerned with money and how much these institutions will cost them in tax dollars. No one wants to pay more than they have to for a bunch of criminals that didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know how to behave and got themselves in this situation. From that side of the argument, private prisons would make sense and be the way to go. Officers of the law are still getting paid to do their jobs, there isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t a lot of money being taken from taxes and criminals are still being punished for their crimes. A lot of people donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t even know private prisons exist if they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know an inmate at one. And since people are not aware they arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t informed either, so a money saving decision will seem like whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best to them. The main reason private prisons are viewed favorably is because they make money and reduce crime, two things that Americans love. People who have family members or friends that are in jail usually know more about the dangers and problems that come with private prisons. If you look at the facts even the workers at private prisons are not treated well. It is hard enough having a loved one in jail and knowing what happens to them in there every day. No one wants to think about a big business or company profiting off of the suffering of their son or daughter. One saying keeps coming to mind in the debate between public and private prisons. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If you canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do the time, donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do the crime.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Technically, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s true. People should know that they will be punished for doing bad things and if they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to be punished, they should behave better. But, is it fair that how someone does their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is different in different prisons even if they did the same à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cri me?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  V. Conclusion: In conclusion, you canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t deny that there are good things about having private prisons. There are not a lot of jobs in this country right now, so even though private prison workers donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t make as much as others, something is still better than nothing. Jobs can even be created by building the prisons because you need construction workers to help build them. But, I do think that there is more bad in private prisons than good. Is it really fair for CEOs and businessmen to make a ton of money when someone else is sitting in a cell hating their life? To me it is immoral that someone other than the government can be in control of the lives of so many people, even if they are criminals. The government also doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t get to regulate private prisons, so they have no control over what goes on in there. Funds are not given out correctly, and the workers and inmates suffer while the business owners get rich. Less money also means they hire less guards and there is more violence towards and between inmates because there is less control. There are a lot of problems with public prisons in America but private prisons donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fix these problems, they just make taxes cheaper in some states. In my opinion, I think if the government could hire businesses to fix the problems with the public prisons they already have, instead of allowing businesses to just build new prisons all together. They should pay more attention to where tax money goes and inform the citizens better so they can understand what they are paying for. There should also be more rules. Violence should not be allowed and guards should have to respect their uniforms just like prisoners should have to respect the guards that way they are more prepared to be released and wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t come back again. If the government focuses more on rehabilitation of both the public prison system and the inmates, they wil l have more success instead of giving up and letting a new company come in and create more problems. References Palaez, V. (2014, March 31). The prison industry in the united states: big business or a new form of slavery? Retrieved from: https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-prison-industry-in-the-united-states-big-business-or-a-new-form-of-slavery/8289 Pollard, S. (2012, November 28). Prisoner rights and private prisons. Retireved from: https://www.aclu.org/prisoners-rights/private-prisons Simmons, M. (2013, August 07). Punishment profits: A cost-benefit analysis of private prisons. Retrieved from https://okpolicy.org/punishment-profits-a-cost-benefit-analysis-of-private-prisons Short, A. (2013, September 23). 6 shocking revelations about how private prisons make money. Retrieved from https://www.salon.com/2013/09/23/6_shocking_revelations_about_how_private_prisons_make_money_partner/ Wagner, D. (2014, September 20). Meet the prison bankers who profit from the inmates. Retrieved from https://time.com/3446372/criminal-justice-prisoners-profit/

Essay about How Poverty and Poor Education Affects Life

Adam Taylor English 2010 â€Å"Poverty and the Affects on Childhood Education† Getting an education is considered a blessing too many, in America many of us believe that everybody should get equality when it comes down to education, but is that really the case? I believe that education is something that many of us take advantage of, especially when you are a kid and you think your education is free and you dread waking up early in the morning for school. Though, when you grow older we are glad that we have received an education and we can contribute to new technology, or we have the opportunity to create a top selling novel, learn about the history of the world, or just knowing why the sky is blue. We all know, and if you don’t you†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"She then lived with her mother who moved to Milwaukee where she was sexually abused for the first time by a friend of her family and her own relative (Best Inpirational Stories, 2009)†. Oprah Winfrey, at the age of 14, gave birth to a baby boy, but unfortunately he died a week later. Her mother lost her patience with young Oprah, the result of this was the punishment of sending her to live with her dad. While living with her dad she learned discipline and learned how to use her great intelligence, from potential to kinetic use. At school she was know for her intelligent speaking and she received a scholarship at Tennessee University. She majored in broadcast communication and she scored a job as a reporter at a Nashville TV station. â€Å"Oprah left school at the age of 19 years old to become the first Afro-American woman broadcaster in Nashville (Best Inpirational Stories, 2009)†. She made various amount of mistakes at her new job, she felt exhausted all the time. The Nashville station management team didn’t like her attitude towards the camera; too, on top of that, they didn’t like her â€Å"appearance†. â€Å"They complained about her hair style, her big nose and the d istance between her eyes. Tempted to glamourize her appearance, they sent her to a good salon in New York which did a disastrous remodeling that made her hair fall off (Best Inpirational Stories, 2009). She was ranked down from a TV boardcaster to a presenter of the show calledShow MoreRelatedA Child s Education Is Vital991 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is poverty and does social class shape the character of a child’s life and education, especially those children of poverty? These questions are important to consider for educators and all involved in the goal for children to have greater achievement. It s even more important to note that forty percent of the poor, in the United States, are children (Stevenson, 1997). Knowing this is the reason that finding solutions and studying the effects of parent involvement, both at school and at homeRead MoreA High School Diploma Program1652 Words   |  7 Pagesbut poverty is still a barrier that can keep a young adult from graduating fro m high school and in turn, continue the cycle of poverty. Does getting a high school diploma have any effect on â€Å"generational poverty†? Poverty is defined as â€Å"the state of being extremely poor.† (Oxford 699) In 2014, â€Å"21.1 percent of children under age 18 (15.5 million) in the United States lived in poverty. This group of children represent 23.3 percent of the total population and 33.3 percent of people in poverty. (DE-NavasRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Poverty Is Much Bigger Than It Seems.The1288 Words   |  6 Pages The problem of child poverty is much bigger than it seems. The impact increases over time because these children have their own children who are likely to get stuck in a cycle of poverty and dependency. Poverty affects many aspects of a child’s life including their self-esteem, education, happiness, and their general mindset on the rest of their life. Reading on this issue opens doors to the real-life problems that America faces and attempts to fix. Poverty is linked to many negative outcomesRead MoreHow Poverty Causes The Greatest Suffering On Humans1144 Words   |  5 P agesdescribed that poverty causes the greatest suffering on humans. Poverty leads to people living in a state of financial instability that causes both physical and emotional stress. The problem of poverty has continued to be a problem to both the developing and the developed countries all over the world. The main focus in this paper is on poverty in America and how it affects the American economy. The paper will also find ways to reduce poverty, the new faces of poverty and how it affects the citizensRead MoreA High School Diploma Program1652 Words   |  7 Pagesbut poverty is still a barrier that can keep a young adult from graduating from high school and in turn, continue the cycle of poverty. Does getting a high school diploma have any effect on â€Å"generational poverty†? Poverty is defined as â€Å"the state of being extremely poor.† (Oxford 699) In 2014, â€Å"21.1 percent of children under age 18 (15.5 million) in the United States lived in poverty. This group of children represent 23.3 percent of the total population and 33.3 percent of people in poverty. (DE-NavasRead MoreEdward Royces Views Of Poverty And Power1639 Words   |  7 PagesTo Be Chained In Poverty† (Marley). After reading the few chapters from Poverty and Power, by Edward Royce, there were a few things that came to my attention that I guess I never cared to notice before. The first being the different views on poverty and what causes it. Some of the impacts of poverty that Royce analyzed are from an individualistic and structural perspective and how they compare and contract with each other on why poverty exists. Edward Royce demonstrates that poverty influences mostRead MorePoverty is a Hidden Epidemic1175 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty Poverty is the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support. (11) Poverty is a hidden epidemic that is on the rise. Poverty can affect anyone and its consequencest can be serious. Poverty can affect someone academically, socially, and emotionally. The topic of poverty is of interest to me because I live in a neighborhood that is in poverty and I am wondering why it is in poverty and the methods of alleviating it of poverty. In addition, I live in a neighborhoodRead MorePoverty Is A Global Issue1448 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty is a global issue known by many people, it affects people in many ways, and can be considered a constant battle. The war on poverty has been ongoing for many years not only in the United States, but also amongst various countries. A significant country dealing with poverty is South Africa, which has struggled to provide jobs, education, and social security, to its people for numerous years. Moreover, the same applies to countries like the United States. Our first impression is that the UnitedRead MoreEffects Of Poverty On Education940 Words   |  4 Pagesfamilies and children living in poverty in America day by day. Poverty is when you’re living in conditions below the average family. Many rea son’s poverty is caused is when adults do not complete high school and receive a low education to deal with their whole life. Also is caused by wnot being able to receive a job. â€Å"According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, about 9.5 million of people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force were poor.†(Davis) Poverty is a big social issue in AmericaRead MoreLevel 3 Diploma998 Words   |  4 Pagesat the factors below how will could they affect a child’s life; * Education; poor education could effect future goals and aspirations * Disability; unable to access certain services or activities * Poverty; poor health and hygiene, lack of activities and experiences being accessed * Housing; poor health, unable to develop fully. * Offending behaviour; convictions, effecting social ties and job opportunities * Health status; effect social ties, education, job opportunities

Critical Consumers of Evidence Based Nursing Research

Question: Discuss about theCritical Consumers of Evidence Based Nursing Research. Answer: Critical Evaluation of a Quantitative Research Report Critical evaluation of a research report is the evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the content and ideas of the report. It provides a detailed interpretation, analysis and description for allowing the readers to assess the value of the research report. The most important factor for the critical evaluation of a research report is the determination of the appropriateness of the research question and study design with a detailed assessment of the key methodological features that are applied in the study design (Pickard, 2012). The other factors that should be considered include the statistical methods employed in the study with the possible conflicts of interest, subsequent interpretation and the research relevance with respect to practice. This assignment will critically evaluate a quantitative research report by Middleton et al. (2014) and will discuss that with the time, how the profile of the Australian nurse practitioners has changed and will analyze the arguments put fo rward by the article. Several tools are implemented for the critical appraisal of research reports like CASP, PEDro Scale, CONSORT Statement and JADAD Score (Hall Roussel, 2016). Out of these, the CASP tool is the most efficient tool for evaluation of the quantitative studies involving survey designs (Polit Beck, 2013). Therefore, CASP tool was used for the critical evaluation of the article How has the profile of Australian nurse practitioners changed over time? In this article, the authors aimed to examine the longitudinal changes that have taken place in the Australian nurse practitioners profile that has been surveyed in the years 2007 and 2009. This has been a commendable attempt that the authors have undertaken to determine the changes that has taken place in the profession of nursing and the nurse practitioners in Australia in the designated period. The authors also determined the differences between the nurse practitioners and classified them as new respondents who completed the census in 2009 a nd the resurveyed respondents. The opening statement in this report provided a clear statement of the aims of the research that the authors have undertaken. Since there has been little research work that has been conducted on a similar topic for investigating the changes in the Australian workforce of nurse practitioners. The nurse practitioners are expected to play a variety of roles to provide outreach services and for that, they require the appropriate conditions for enabling them to work. The changing perceptions of barriers and enablers to the nursing practice have been well documented in the article to reflect the effect of the changes in the Australian context based on the sustainability of the role of the nurse practitioners. The authors have identified the fact that the role of the nurse practitioners is integral for the sustainability and development of the advanced practice roles in the system of healthcare. For supporting this statement, the authors have put forward the argument that the success of the system is dependent on the support from the nursing, health services and policy makers. Sufficient data was provided by the authors to make this fact reliable from the census of the nurse practitioners of Australia that was conducted in 2007 for collecting national data on the scope and role of their practice and responsibilities. Since the process involved analysis of the collected data, quantitative methodology was the most appropriate as the study design. Survey design method was the most appropriate for addressing the aim of the research. Data collection was done by carrying out a sum total of 408 surveys employing 293 questionnaires to the nurse practitioners who have participated in the national census of 2007 and 2009. There was a broad inclusion of samples that elaborately explained the intensity of the research work. The recruitment strategy employed for the study was by placing advertisements on the website of the Association of the Nurse P ractitioners of Australia. Apart from this, snowballing technique or word of mouth was the sampling technique used and for survey processes, this was an appropriate technique for addressing the aims of the research. For data collection, the questions were divided into five sections which were intended at inquiring at the various parameters of the nurse practitioners. Each question had several other pointers and scales for examining the enablers and limitations to the current practice. With the inclusion of multiple facets to the survey questions, sufficient information was gathered to address the research issue. The relationship of the researchers with the new and resurveyed respondents was not adequately established as the survey process involved exchange of information between the researchers and the participants through letters. Had it been a face to face interview, the relationship would have been much adequately considered and developed (Berg, 2013). Ethical issues have been ta ken into consideration as the authors received ethical grants from various universities in Australia to conduct the research work. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS version 17.0 and calculation of the frequencies was done for the key variables. Several statistical tests were carried out for analyzing the responses of the new and resurveyed respondents for determining the enablers and limitations. This was rigorous enough to demonstrate the responses of the survey questionnaires and their various sections in the form of statistical representations for answering the research question. The variables were derived and analyzed for identifying their validity which was accurate enough for representing the differences in the profiles of the nurse practitioners of Australia over the time. The statement of findings was clear enough and stated that the conditions that enable full scope of nursing is perceived as suboptimal by the nurse practitioners of Australia who were both newly authorized and experienced. The researchers opined that adequate resources and good policies support the nurse practitioners in Australia and they should be periodically evaluated for ensuring their effective usage in the healthcare system of Australia. The researchers have identified gaps in the healthcare system and proposed that supportive strategies are required for effective utilization of the roles of the nurse practitioners. The research findings was of utmost value as the researchers argued for the fact that there is a dearth of optimum resources and policies that requires attention by the policy makers to improve the role of the nurse practitioners in Australia. A similar study was carried out by Halcomb et al. (2014) based on the national surveys in the years 2003-2004 and 2009-2010 for comparative analysis of the obtained datasets that explored the changes in Australian nursing workforce over the time. The study has identified the structural barriers that are present in the general practice of nursing in Australia that is generated over the time and their impact on the development of the role of the nurses. The researchers have expressed their views by stating that addressing and understanding these issues is crucial for optimization of the effectiveness of the nursing workforce in primary care. To carry on the argument, Lowe et al. (2012) carried out a study that identified another critical gap in t he role of the nurse practitioners and stated that uncertainty exists in the clarity of their role. Presence of clarity in the role of the nurse practitioners is essential as its absence does not recognize the valuable contribution of the nursing roles due to the lack of clear expression of their function. This is also important from the perspectives of improving the scope of practice and international nursing standards in Australia. These articles are in accordance with the findings of the study carried out by Middleton et al. (2014) and establish the fact that the profile of the nurse practitioners of Australia has not changed significantly over the time and recommends the need for effective strategies for improving the prevailing condition. The articles have also put forward various proposals for the policy makers to improve the clarity of the role of the nurse practitioners in Australia. In contrary to this, Joyce Piterman (2011) carried out a counter argument by stating that t he nurse practitioners of Australian workforce are growing significantly in terms of nature of the role and workforce size. The Australian government has implemented policy initiatives in this context to provide importance to the primary system of health care in the country. However, this article has exhibited the fact that there is little available evidence regarding the services provided by the nurse practitioners and therefore, there role needs to be well defined and a follow up monitoring for its evaluation is crucial. From these literatures, it is quite evident that the research report by Middleton et al. (2014) is a creditable research work that has been adequately supported by other similar research reports. It is evident that the healthcare system in Australia is expanding and the role of the nurse practitioners in critical in addressing the healthcare crisis (Stephenson, 2013). Consecutively, the nursing roles are advancing and awareness has to be developed for improving the profile of the nurse practitioners and overcome the perceived barriers by them with the provision of adequate resources (Ralph, Birks Chapman, 2015). Effective governance policies are required to develop to address their changing perceptions and characteristics over the time References Berg, L. M., Kllberg, A. S., Gransson, K. E., stergren, J., Florin, J., Ehrenberg, A. (2013). Interruptions in emergency department work: an observational and interview study.BMJ quality safety,22(8), 656-663. Halcomb, E. J., Salamonson, Y., Davidson, P. M., Kaur, R., Young, S. A. (2014). The evolution of nursing in Australian general practice: a comparative analysis of workforce surveys ten years on.BMC family practice,15(1), 1. Hall, H. R., Roussel, L. A. (2016). Critical Appraisal of Research-Based Evidence.Evidence-Based Practice, 125. Joyce, C. M., Piterman, L. (2011). The work of nurses in Australian general practice: a national survey.International Journal of Nursing Studies,48(1), 70-80. Lowe, G., Plummer, V., OBrien, A. P., Boyd, L. (2012). Time to clarifythe value of advanced practice nursing roles in health care.Journal of advanced nursing,68(3), 677-685. Middleton, S., Gardner, A., Della, P. R., Lam, L., Allnutt, N., Gardner, G. (2014). How has the profile of Australian nurse practitioners changed over time?.Collegian. Pickard, A. (2012).Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2013).Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Ralph, N., Birks, M., Chapman, Y. (2015). The accreditation of nursing education in Australia.Collegian,22(1), 3-7. Stephenson, D. (2013). Palliative care nursing in Australia in a time of national health and hospital reform.Progress in Palliative Care.

Psychology As A Science Essays - Behaviorism, Psychological Theories

Psychology As A Science Question 1 Psychology as a science has developed over a long period of time, literally centuries. During this period of time , man individuals have had an impact on the development of Psychology as a science. Select three individuals, describe in detail the contributions of the individuals, and discuss the significance of the person to the development of Psychology as a science. In this paper I am going to talk about three different individuals , and describe their contributions to Psychology. I am also going to talk about how there contributions had a significant effect on Psychology as a science. These three people are the three that I consider the most important people of Psychology. Psychology is an interesting science in which we need people to help explain why things are the way they are. Many people make an attempt to explore this science , but it takes dedication to actually get something out of it.( Themes ). One of the three people I consider a big impact on Psychology is Wilhelm Wundt. Known as the founder of psychology as a formal academic discipline. Wundt founded the school of Structuralism. This concept evolved out of the mechanistic nature of the Industrial Revolution and the Scientific method of experimentation. Structuralism attempted to discover the nature of consciousness into separate parts, and to ultimately discover the structure of consciousness. Wundt held the first academic course in psychology in 1862, and he set up the first experimental laboratory where he conducted a series of experiments to determine the dimensions of feeling and perception. Wundt help people to be able to break things down into groups for what he thought easier management . Wundt significance was that he was the first person to actually introduce the subject of psychology to others and get them involved ( uidaho.edu ). Another great Physiologist is Ivan Pavlov. Ivan Pavlov was born in a small village in central Russia. His parents wanted him to be a priest , but he soon found that he cared more for scientific pursuits. He then began to study chemistry and physiology and soon began to research topics that interested him the most: digestion and blood circulation. His work became well known , and he was appointed professor of physiology at the Imperial Medical Academy. The work that made Pavlov a household name in psychology actually began as a study in digestion. He began looking at the digestive process in dogs, especially the interaction between salivation. He soon after doing much studying relized that the reason for dogs salivating was the excitement of getting food. In his study of the he used different types of ?'conditioning ?' seeing different points when the dog salivates. His over all theory is that the dogs salivates because of the expectation of food becoming present .Pavlov signigicance to psychology is that something such as dog salivating and no one understood why or much less even thought about it, but Pavlov wondered why and found and answer ( uidaho.edu). The third person that I will discuss in this paper is B. F. Skinner. Skinner went to Harvard to study psychology since he had always enjoyed observing animal and human behavior. Skinner found himself more and more a behaviorist. He worked in the lab of an experimental biologist, however, and developed behavioral studies of rats. He then decided to design boxes to automatically reward behavior, such as depressing lever, pushing a button, and so on. He then had an interest in pigeons, he developed the ideas of ? operant conditioning ? and ? shaping behavior ?. Unlike Pavlov's ? classical conditioning ? where an existing behavior is shaped by association it with a new stimulus. Operant conditioning is the rewarding of a partial behavior or random act that approaches the desired behavior. Skinner's over all believe is that someone with an empty system can be anything at that point and time only ( Themes ). Skinner's significance to psychology was that he helped people understand that he can get someone or something to do anything by using types of conditioning. All three of these people had a big impact on psychology. All of them had a desire to learn and a passion for the science as a whole.