Public Prisons vs. Private Prisons - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2737 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Level High school Did you like this example? Public Prisons vs. Private Prisons Introduction Most people will never go to prison in their life. Without a personal connection to the prison system in the United States, most people just donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t care about it. They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t think of violence, reoffending or fair salaries for the workers. They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t care if someone goes to jail and gets sent back or if the food is good and people are comfortable. These opinions change quickly when talking to someone with a friend or family member in jail. They understand where their money goes, how much things cost, and who is profiting off of the hardships of their loved one. There are several advantages and disadvantages of using private sector prisons in the United States. There are issues with taxpayer funding of public versus private prisons, the lack of support that public prisons have, and the issues in funding that come along with private sector prison programs and the employment and operational costs of the facilities. When you look at t he facts of public and private prisons, there are a lot of issues to debate and concerns to be raised. Many people feel there are morality issues when you see how guards treat prisoners, especially in the private ones. The controversy of wages and how fair they are and the possibility of CEOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s getting extra privileges is also something that concerns people. There is also controversy over where the money in the prison system should be spent. Is it important to help and educate prisoners so they do not come back to jail? Or should prison be someplace uncomfortable and miserable so you donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to ever come back? The purpose of this paper is to weigh the pros and cons of operating correctional facilities as businesses. The government obviously runs public prisons, but is it fair for businesses to make millions and millions of dollars off of crime? Tax payer money goes to public prisons and they fail a lot of times, so thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why p rivate prisons are being built. But since the government isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t regulating these private prisons, it is hard to keep them honest and fair and keep track of what goes on inside. Problems with public prisons can be seen on both the state and federal level. There are problems with overcrowding, inmate violence and reoffending. However, even though taxes are being sent to these prisons, nothing is being done to reform the problems. You always hear on the news and on television about the inequalities of races in prisons and the large numbers of people that go to jail, get let out and then go back. If these problems were looked at more seriously, they could be solved or at least made better, and citizens would feel more comfortable about how their taxes are being spent by the government. Private prisons are basically businesses that make money off of the pain, suffering and mistakes of others by sending people to jail. It is controversial because many people feel tha t private companies should not be allowed to make money off of crime. People who like private prisons and are in favor of them argue that these new facilities will lower their taxes and bring in new jobs to the area. A lot of citizens like this idea because most of them do not have family or friends in prison, and prisoners brought in to private prisons are not always from that geographic area. People like to see their money go into things theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re interested in, like parks if they like nature or education if they have kids. A lot of people forget sometimes that lowering crime makes everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life better. It is true that most of the times private prisons use less public funds, but it is important to see why they are using less money. Since private prisons are not run by the government there is no senator or mayor approving how the money is used. A lot of corners can be cut because there is not as much oversight and people do not need approval for projects or budget cuts. This also lowers operational costs because less people have to be hired, fed and accounted for but both workers and prisoners suffer. Crime has always been around and is never going away, but just because that is the case does not mean crime is something that should be profited off of. There are many advantages and disadvantages to using private prisons instead of public ones in the United States. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Public Prisons vs. Private Prisons" essay for you Create order The Pros of Having Private Prisons: In recent years, private prisons have become a big business in the United States. We have gone from having 44 private prisons in 1990 to about half of convicts going to private prisons in 2009 (Pollard, 2012). The largest owner of private prisons is called the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) and they make five times as much money today as they did 20 years ago. Companies like the CCA have been offering to take over public prisons that are failing in 48 of the 50 states (Simmons, 2013). State governments like private prisons because they can be built fast and cost less money to operate. Public prisons have to deal with government funding and what materials are available from the state or federal governments at their location. But, the private companies can put up the buildings faster and lower the costs to operate them. (Pollard, 2012). For these reasons, many people are starting to prefer private prisons to public ones. One reason residents like private prisons is becau se they can increase revenues and income for the area theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re in. The increase in money benefits the citizens not just because the town or city gets money, but prisons are also big buildings that need employees so a lot of jobs are also provided. Jobs like corrections officers, nurses, therapists and clerks will be available in the prison and sometimes more officers are added to the police force. One county that benefitted from having a private prison built there is Karnes County in Texas. In 1998 the GEO Group built a private corrections facility there and it went so well that they built another one in 2011. The facility in 2011 was a detention center for immigrants and it housed 600 people. With both of these private prisons together, the county had around 250 new jobs and an extra $150,000 coming in in taxes (Palaez, 2014). The happiest part of having a private prison in your community is the way you can give back. Also in Karnes County, Texas, GEO Group contr ibuted so much to the community. Every year, they give $4,000 for school scholarships and about $6,000 to the court house so it can stay open. And not everything they donate is large amounts of money. GEO Group also donates to the local Rotary Club, Toys for Tots, the Little League and the local cancer walk fundraiser (Palaez, 2014). With all this money, it is hard for a private prison to come to a town or city and not be seen as powerful and successful. Local community members like the good things that come from the prisons since they are places where bad things are expected to happen. The Cons of Private Prisons: Unless you know someone in prison, a lot of times it is hard to understand policies and what ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s like there. Since private prisons are private, they do not have the same government regulations that public prisons have. This means that fees and costs do not need to be checked or approved. A good example of high fees that could be seen as unjust is Virginia mom Pat Taylor. Her son is in a private prison for a twenty year sentence. On top of paying for her own living expenses, she must also pay for her son Eddie and his basic needs like toilet paper, tooth paste and winter clothes. A new system out of Florida called JPay is what prison families use to get money to their family members. As a private company, they can charge fees as high as they want to. The company can also send money to the inmates slower to cut costs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sending a money order through JPay takes too long, so Taylor started using her debit card to get him funds instead. To send Eddie $ 50, Taylor must pay $6.95 to JPay. Depending on how much she can afford to send, the fee can be as high as 35 percent. In other states, JPayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fees approach 45 percent. After the fee, the state takes out another 15 percent of her money for court fees and a mandatory savings account, which Eddie will receive upon his release in 2021, minus the interest, which goes to the Department of Corrections,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Wagner 2014). So as you see here, JPay is profiting both off of Pat Taylor and the length of her sonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s jail time because they get interest off of all his payments for the whole sentence. It is easy to ignore the problems at private prisons because most of them are unseen. People donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know how they get their money and donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t care because they know that taxes can be lowered from private prisons. But how are these costs cut? One way is by requiring the prisons to meet quotas. This means if the prison i s required to be at a certain capacity, meaning more prisoners are sent there and they get more money. In the article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“6 Shocking Revelations About how Private Prisons Make Money,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  April Short talks about the moral issues she has with private prisons and also tells six facts about private prisons that most people are not aware of. One thing that she talks about that is important is that a lot of private prisons use occupancy guarantee clauses. These contracts are between the private prison and the government to guarantee that a certain number of prisoners are sent to the prison each year and that makes their profit higher. These occupancy guarantee clauses range between 80% and 100%. 90% is the most frequent occupancy guarantee requirement. Arizona, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Virginia have contracts with the highest occupancy guarantee requirements. All of their quotas require between 95% and 100% occupancy. There is one contract that really sticks out. Lak e Erie Correctional Institution in Ohio has a 20 year deal that includes a 90% quota. This quota will go on for a long time and has let the prison cut corners on safety, including overcrowding, areas without secure doors and an increase in crime both inside the prison and in the surrounding community (Short 2013). Money is also saved by lowering staffing costs.Workers at private prisons make less money than workers in public ones. You can see the low wages workers are paid in Oklahoma. The salary for a corrections officer at a private prison is $11.93 an hour with most officers making around $22,700 a year. Since they barely make any money, officers in this state are likely to use food stamps or reduced lunch programs for their kids (Simmons 2013). This is why private prisons have so many problems. They focus on cutting costs instead of treating employees and prisoners the right way and therefore end up with a lot more isssues. The last fact that shows private prisons in a bad light is their executive pay rate. Even though prison guards and employees are the ones that help the prisons run, CEOs and executives make a lot more money. Two private groups that really show how much businesses benefit from prison are GEP Group and the Corrections Corporation of America. The CEOs of both these companies made more than $3 million each in 2012 and together the companies are worth more than $1 billion (Wagner 2014). Both Sides of the Issue: There are so many different ways to look at prison issues. In most cases, people are only concerned with money and how much these institutions will cost them in tax dollars. No one wants to pay more than they have to for a bunch of criminals that didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know how to behave and got themselves in this situation. From that side of the argument, private prisons would make sense and be the way to go. Officers of the law are still getting paid to do their jobs, there isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t a lot of money being taken from taxes and criminals are still being punished for their crimes. A lot of people donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t even know private prisons exist if they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know an inmate at one. And since people are not aware they arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t informed either, so a money saving decision will seem like whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best to them. The main reason private prisons are viewed favorably is because they make money and reduce crime, two things that Americans love. People who have family members or friends that are in jail usually know more about the dangers and problems that come with private prisons. If you look at the facts even the workers at private prisons are not treated well. It is hard enough having a loved one in jail and knowing what happens to them in there every day. No one wants to think about a big business or company profiting off of the suffering of their son or daughter. One saying keeps coming to mind in the debate between public and private prisons. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If you canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do the time, donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do the crime.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Technically, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s true. People should know that they will be punished for doing bad things and if they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to be punished, they should behave better. But, is it fair that how someone does their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is different in different prisons even if they did the same à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cri me?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  V. Conclusion: In conclusion, you canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t deny that there are good things about having private prisons. There are not a lot of jobs in this country right now, so even though private prison workers donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t make as much as others, something is still better than nothing. Jobs can even be created by building the prisons because you need construction workers to help build them. But, I do think that there is more bad in private prisons than good. Is it really fair for CEOs and businessmen to make a ton of money when someone else is sitting in a cell hating their life? To me it is immoral that someone other than the government can be in control of the lives of so many people, even if they are criminals. The government also doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t get to regulate private prisons, so they have no control over what goes on in there. Funds are not given out correctly, and the workers and inmates suffer while the business owners get rich. Less money also means they hire less guards and there is more violence towards and between inmates because there is less control. There are a lot of problems with public prisons in America but private prisons donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fix these problems, they just make taxes cheaper in some states. In my opinion, I think if the government could hire businesses to fix the problems with the public prisons they already have, instead of allowing businesses to just build new prisons all together. They should pay more attention to where tax money goes and inform the citizens better so they can understand what they are paying for. There should also be more rules. Violence should not be allowed and guards should have to respect their uniforms just like prisoners should have to respect the guards that way they are more prepared to be released and wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t come back again. If the government focuses more on rehabilitation of both the public prison system and the inmates, they wil l have more success instead of giving up and letting a new company come in and create more problems. References Palaez, V. (2014, March 31). The prison industry in the united states: big business or a new form of slavery? Retrieved from: https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-prison-industry-in-the-united-states-big-business-or-a-new-form-of-slavery/8289 Pollard, S. (2012, November 28). Prisoner rights and private prisons. Retireved from: https://www.aclu.org/prisoners-rights/private-prisons Simmons, M. (2013, August 07). Punishment profits: A cost-benefit analysis of private prisons. Retrieved from https://okpolicy.org/punishment-profits-a-cost-benefit-analysis-of-private-prisons Short, A. (2013, September 23). 6 shocking revelations about how private prisons make money. Retrieved from https://www.salon.com/2013/09/23/6_shocking_revelations_about_how_private_prisons_make_money_partner/ Wagner, D. (2014, September 20). Meet the prison bankers who profit from the inmates. Retrieved from https://time.com/3446372/criminal-justice-prisoners-profit/

Essay about How Poverty and Poor Education Affects Life

Adam Taylor English 2010 â€Å"Poverty and the Affects on Childhood Education† Getting an education is considered a blessing too many, in America many of us believe that everybody should get equality when it comes down to education, but is that really the case? I believe that education is something that many of us take advantage of, especially when you are a kid and you think your education is free and you dread waking up early in the morning for school. Though, when you grow older we are glad that we have received an education and we can contribute to new technology, or we have the opportunity to create a top selling novel, learn about the history of the world, or just knowing why the sky is blue. We all know, and if you don’t you†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"She then lived with her mother who moved to Milwaukee where she was sexually abused for the first time by a friend of her family and her own relative (Best Inpirational Stories, 2009)†. Oprah Winfrey, at the age of 14, gave birth to a baby boy, but unfortunately he died a week later. Her mother lost her patience with young Oprah, the result of this was the punishment of sending her to live with her dad. While living with her dad she learned discipline and learned how to use her great intelligence, from potential to kinetic use. At school she was know for her intelligent speaking and she received a scholarship at Tennessee University. She majored in broadcast communication and she scored a job as a reporter at a Nashville TV station. â€Å"Oprah left school at the age of 19 years old to become the first Afro-American woman broadcaster in Nashville (Best Inpirational Stories, 2009)†. She made various amount of mistakes at her new job, she felt exhausted all the time. 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Critical Consumers of Evidence Based Nursing Research

Question: Discuss about theCritical Consumers of Evidence Based Nursing Research. Answer: Critical Evaluation of a Quantitative Research Report Critical evaluation of a research report is the evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the content and ideas of the report. It provides a detailed interpretation, analysis and description for allowing the readers to assess the value of the research report. The most important factor for the critical evaluation of a research report is the determination of the appropriateness of the research question and study design with a detailed assessment of the key methodological features that are applied in the study design (Pickard, 2012). The other factors that should be considered include the statistical methods employed in the study with the possible conflicts of interest, subsequent interpretation and the research relevance with respect to practice. This assignment will critically evaluate a quantitative research report by Middleton et al. (2014) and will discuss that with the time, how the profile of the Australian nurse practitioners has changed and will analyze the arguments put fo rward by the article. Several tools are implemented for the critical appraisal of research reports like CASP, PEDro Scale, CONSORT Statement and JADAD Score (Hall Roussel, 2016). Out of these, the CASP tool is the most efficient tool for evaluation of the quantitative studies involving survey designs (Polit Beck, 2013). Therefore, CASP tool was used for the critical evaluation of the article How has the profile of Australian nurse practitioners changed over time? In this article, the authors aimed to examine the longitudinal changes that have taken place in the Australian nurse practitioners profile that has been surveyed in the years 2007 and 2009. This has been a commendable attempt that the authors have undertaken to determine the changes that has taken place in the profession of nursing and the nurse practitioners in Australia in the designated period. The authors also determined the differences between the nurse practitioners and classified them as new respondents who completed the census in 2009 a nd the resurveyed respondents. The opening statement in this report provided a clear statement of the aims of the research that the authors have undertaken. Since there has been little research work that has been conducted on a similar topic for investigating the changes in the Australian workforce of nurse practitioners. The nurse practitioners are expected to play a variety of roles to provide outreach services and for that, they require the appropriate conditions for enabling them to work. The changing perceptions of barriers and enablers to the nursing practice have been well documented in the article to reflect the effect of the changes in the Australian context based on the sustainability of the role of the nurse practitioners. The authors have identified the fact that the role of the nurse practitioners is integral for the sustainability and development of the advanced practice roles in the system of healthcare. For supporting this statement, the authors have put forward the argument that the success of the system is dependent on the support from the nursing, health services and policy makers. Sufficient data was provided by the authors to make this fact reliable from the census of the nurse practitioners of Australia that was conducted in 2007 for collecting national data on the scope and role of their practice and responsibilities. Since the process involved analysis of the collected data, quantitative methodology was the most appropriate as the study design. Survey design method was the most appropriate for addressing the aim of the research. Data collection was done by carrying out a sum total of 408 surveys employing 293 questionnaires to the nurse practitioners who have participated in the national census of 2007 and 2009. There was a broad inclusion of samples that elaborately explained the intensity of the research work. The recruitment strategy employed for the study was by placing advertisements on the website of the Association of the Nurse P ractitioners of Australia. Apart from this, snowballing technique or word of mouth was the sampling technique used and for survey processes, this was an appropriate technique for addressing the aims of the research. For data collection, the questions were divided into five sections which were intended at inquiring at the various parameters of the nurse practitioners. Each question had several other pointers and scales for examining the enablers and limitations to the current practice. With the inclusion of multiple facets to the survey questions, sufficient information was gathered to address the research issue. The relationship of the researchers with the new and resurveyed respondents was not adequately established as the survey process involved exchange of information between the researchers and the participants through letters. Had it been a face to face interview, the relationship would have been much adequately considered and developed (Berg, 2013). Ethical issues have been ta ken into consideration as the authors received ethical grants from various universities in Australia to conduct the research work. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS version 17.0 and calculation of the frequencies was done for the key variables. Several statistical tests were carried out for analyzing the responses of the new and resurveyed respondents for determining the enablers and limitations. This was rigorous enough to demonstrate the responses of the survey questionnaires and their various sections in the form of statistical representations for answering the research question. The variables were derived and analyzed for identifying their validity which was accurate enough for representing the differences in the profiles of the nurse practitioners of Australia over the time. The statement of findings was clear enough and stated that the conditions that enable full scope of nursing is perceived as suboptimal by the nurse practitioners of Australia who were both newly authorized and experienced. The researchers opined that adequate resources and good policies support the nurse practitioners in Australia and they should be periodically evaluated for ensuring their effective usage in the healthcare system of Australia. The researchers have identified gaps in the healthcare system and proposed that supportive strategies are required for effective utilization of the roles of the nurse practitioners. The research findings was of utmost value as the researchers argued for the fact that there is a dearth of optimum resources and policies that requires attention by the policy makers to improve the role of the nurse practitioners in Australia. A similar study was carried out by Halcomb et al. (2014) based on the national surveys in the years 2003-2004 and 2009-2010 for comparative analysis of the obtained datasets that explored the changes in Australian nursing workforce over the time. The study has identified the structural barriers that are present in the general practice of nursing in Australia that is generated over the time and their impact on the development of the role of the nurses. The researchers have expressed their views by stating that addressing and understanding these issues is crucial for optimization of the effectiveness of the nursing workforce in primary care. To carry on the argument, Lowe et al. (2012) carried out a study that identified another critical gap in t he role of the nurse practitioners and stated that uncertainty exists in the clarity of their role. Presence of clarity in the role of the nurse practitioners is essential as its absence does not recognize the valuable contribution of the nursing roles due to the lack of clear expression of their function. This is also important from the perspectives of improving the scope of practice and international nursing standards in Australia. These articles are in accordance with the findings of the study carried out by Middleton et al. (2014) and establish the fact that the profile of the nurse practitioners of Australia has not changed significantly over the time and recommends the need for effective strategies for improving the prevailing condition. The articles have also put forward various proposals for the policy makers to improve the clarity of the role of the nurse practitioners in Australia. In contrary to this, Joyce Piterman (2011) carried out a counter argument by stating that t he nurse practitioners of Australian workforce are growing significantly in terms of nature of the role and workforce size. The Australian government has implemented policy initiatives in this context to provide importance to the primary system of health care in the country. However, this article has exhibited the fact that there is little available evidence regarding the services provided by the nurse practitioners and therefore, there role needs to be well defined and a follow up monitoring for its evaluation is crucial. From these literatures, it is quite evident that the research report by Middleton et al. (2014) is a creditable research work that has been adequately supported by other similar research reports. It is evident that the healthcare system in Australia is expanding and the role of the nurse practitioners in critical in addressing the healthcare crisis (Stephenson, 2013). Consecutively, the nursing roles are advancing and awareness has to be developed for improving the profile of the nurse practitioners and overcome the perceived barriers by them with the provision of adequate resources (Ralph, Birks Chapman, 2015). Effective governance policies are required to develop to address their changing perceptions and characteristics over the time References Berg, L. M., Kllberg, A. S., Gransson, K. E., stergren, J., Florin, J., Ehrenberg, A. (2013). Interruptions in emergency department work: an observational and interview study.BMJ quality safety,22(8), 656-663. Halcomb, E. J., Salamonson, Y., Davidson, P. M., Kaur, R., Young, S. A. (2014). The evolution of nursing in Australian general practice: a comparative analysis of workforce surveys ten years on.BMC family practice,15(1), 1. Hall, H. R., Roussel, L. A. (2016). Critical Appraisal of Research-Based Evidence.Evidence-Based Practice, 125. Joyce, C. M., Piterman, L. (2011). The work of nurses in Australian general practice: a national survey.International Journal of Nursing Studies,48(1), 70-80. Lowe, G., Plummer, V., OBrien, A. P., Boyd, L. (2012). Time to clarifythe value of advanced practice nursing roles in health care.Journal of advanced nursing,68(3), 677-685. Middleton, S., Gardner, A., Della, P. R., Lam, L., Allnutt, N., Gardner, G. (2014). How has the profile of Australian nurse practitioners changed over time?.Collegian. Pickard, A. (2012).Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2013).Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Ralph, N., Birks, M., Chapman, Y. (2015). The accreditation of nursing education in Australia.Collegian,22(1), 3-7. Stephenson, D. (2013). Palliative care nursing in Australia in a time of national health and hospital reform.Progress in Palliative Care.

Psychology As A Science Essays - Behaviorism, Psychological Theories

Psychology As A Science Question 1 Psychology as a science has developed over a long period of time, literally centuries. During this period of time , man individuals have had an impact on the development of Psychology as a science. Select three individuals, describe in detail the contributions of the individuals, and discuss the significance of the person to the development of Psychology as a science. In this paper I am going to talk about three different individuals , and describe their contributions to Psychology. I am also going to talk about how there contributions had a significant effect on Psychology as a science. These three people are the three that I consider the most important people of Psychology. Psychology is an interesting science in which we need people to help explain why things are the way they are. Many people make an attempt to explore this science , but it takes dedication to actually get something out of it.( Themes ). One of the three people I consider a big impact on Psychology is Wilhelm Wundt. Known as the founder of psychology as a formal academic discipline. Wundt founded the school of Structuralism. This concept evolved out of the mechanistic nature of the Industrial Revolution and the Scientific method of experimentation. Structuralism attempted to discover the nature of consciousness into separate parts, and to ultimately discover the structure of consciousness. Wundt held the first academic course in psychology in 1862, and he set up the first experimental laboratory where he conducted a series of experiments to determine the dimensions of feeling and perception. Wundt help people to be able to break things down into groups for what he thought easier management . Wundt significance was that he was the first person to actually introduce the subject of psychology to others and get them involved ( uidaho.edu ). Another great Physiologist is Ivan Pavlov. Ivan Pavlov was born in a small village in central Russia. His parents wanted him to be a priest , but he soon found that he cared more for scientific pursuits. He then began to study chemistry and physiology and soon began to research topics that interested him the most: digestion and blood circulation. His work became well known , and he was appointed professor of physiology at the Imperial Medical Academy. The work that made Pavlov a household name in psychology actually began as a study in digestion. He began looking at the digestive process in dogs, especially the interaction between salivation. He soon after doing much studying relized that the reason for dogs salivating was the excitement of getting food. In his study of the he used different types of ?'conditioning ?' seeing different points when the dog salivates. His over all theory is that the dogs salivates because of the expectation of food becoming present .Pavlov signigicance to psychology is that something such as dog salivating and no one understood why or much less even thought about it, but Pavlov wondered why and found and answer ( uidaho.edu). The third person that I will discuss in this paper is B. F. Skinner. Skinner went to Harvard to study psychology since he had always enjoyed observing animal and human behavior. Skinner found himself more and more a behaviorist. He worked in the lab of an experimental biologist, however, and developed behavioral studies of rats. He then decided to design boxes to automatically reward behavior, such as depressing lever, pushing a button, and so on. He then had an interest in pigeons, he developed the ideas of ? operant conditioning ? and ? shaping behavior ?. Unlike Pavlov's ? classical conditioning ? where an existing behavior is shaped by association it with a new stimulus. Operant conditioning is the rewarding of a partial behavior or random act that approaches the desired behavior. Skinner's over all believe is that someone with an empty system can be anything at that point and time only ( Themes ). Skinner's significance to psychology was that he helped people understand that he can get someone or something to do anything by using types of conditioning. All three of these people had a big impact on psychology. All of them had a desire to learn and a passion for the science as a whole.

Homework Does Not Have to Be Hard! Top 10 Homework Apps to Save Your Day

Homework Does Not Have to Be Hard! Top 10 Homework Apps to Save Your Day Do you remember the scene from â€Å"Minority Report† starring Tom Cruise where his hero, a policeman from the future, gleans tip-offs from 3 psychics to predict the crimes? It allowed preventing people from breaking the law. It seems like the artificial intelligence of that level is impossible! However, such phenomenon as a homework app makes both young older generation trust in the power of e-learning. Every homework planner from the list was designed to assist students around the world in achieving better academic results. Do you need the fastest and simplest solution to any assignment? Turn to the professional service with more than 10 years of experience in academic writing to solve your problem. I NEED QUICK TASK SOLUTION MyHomework My Homework app aims high to help every student obtain better grades by being organized and well prepared to answer any questions. The major function of the app is to send notifications each time the student risks submitting his assignments late. The advantages of this student homework planner include sync across devices – access your tasks at any time wherever you are, special assignments widgets, classes trackers, and deadline reminders. Another advantage is the premium version, which is $4.99 per year! The free version includes features listed above. MyHomework app is compatible with iOS Android; a free version is limited and has a lot of advertisement. It is the main disadvantage of the given planner. Study Aid Teachers name flash cards among the most effective learning apps: they help to memorize necessary data through visualizing images. Study Aid functions as some fun game! Swipe left/right to go forwards/backwards, and move down/up to obtain answer or question respectively. Students share their favorite learning flashcards using e-mail to practice in teams remotely. The main benefits of Study Aid app are: Speed lightweight Multiple language interface The main gap is Study Aid is not considered one of the official Watchtower society applications, and it lacks the functions of reminders. Study Aid is compatible with Android iOS, and it is free of charge. If you like the idea of e-learning, you should pay attention to the alternatives that can replace traditional education today. FlashCards Deluxe Modern app developers pay attention to children with special needs: these young citizens form a great part of their market share. Kids diagnosed with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) suffer from the regular memory loss. They face other problems associated with the work of human brain. They would love bright, user-friendly flashcard app. FlashCards Deluxe is easy to install use – replace the studied cards with the new exciting images to speed up the learning process. Other advantages include: Opportunity to create personal flashcards share them via e-mail or personal account with friends who use FlashCards Deluxe A wide range of pre-made sets downloadable from the app’s library (more than four million templates). The homework planner costs $3.99, and it is fully compatible with different iOS Android devices. Documents to Go Because of its high prices, Documents to Go is associated with university students who dedicate a lot of time to their educational process. If you have a part-time job, it won’t be a problem. Purchase any best homework planner app to minimize your efforts; your parents can help you financially. The main benefits are: Compatibility with many existing file formats (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, PDF) Ability to study in any position and from any point in the world Ability to exchange files between various devices Students who have to type large-scale critical article reviews or book reports would appreciate Documents to Go. The recommended app is compatible with both iOS Android devices. It looks a bit expensive compared to the previously mentioned apps. Pay $16.99 being an iOS user; give away $14.99 if you prefer Android mobile phones/tablets. Freshmen should support their usage of study apps and knowledge with the valuable learning tips like how to survive their initial year in college. 30/30! Have you ever failed to complete your assignment just because of the task’s volume and limited time? The problem might be a huge volume. E.g., your Accounting professor wants you to prepare a balance in Excel table, write the results on a separate sheet of paper, and interpret the graphs you have created to support your project. Through breaking such assignment into management chunks, it is possible to allocate time resources necessary for its on-time solution correctly. The advantages of this homework planner are the following: Free usage Easy user interface Perfect organizer The biggest disadvantage is the lack of compatibility with Android Windows devices as the majority of modern business-oriented students finds it difficult to solve large assignments without such assistant. Looking for more than a planner/reminder? Don’t miss your opportunity to place an order with one of the best online writing services to win your highest score! iStudiez Lite Students who find it hard to complete their college assignments being distracted by different external factors like television/computer games love using iStudiez Lite. It is time to map out the upcoming study term! Every learning semester is equally important - a good homework reminder app might save your day. Even if you choose a free version, you automatically gain incredible benefits! Managing the entire course made of five classes Controlling maximum 15 classes or tests per course + 15 tasks + 5 professors/teachers Setting alarms Planning holidays special events Pay just $2.99 in case you enjoyed working with Lite version to get access to iStudiez Pro version with its separate setup process, absence of ads, availability of push notifications, and backup features. The gap is the lack of Android version. Android mobile users can try Timetable, iStudiez closest analog. GET MY SOLVED HOMEWORK MyScript Smart Note It may sound weird but students who prefer handwriting exist; they prove it each session when they start taking notes manually. The reason is notebooks laptops are heavy to carry them everywhere, and tablets are not acquainted with the long writing process. Students find it hard to type on their tablets. Notebook software, which makes it possible to let students write with their fingers/stylus, does not fit the speed most instructors to choose during their lectures. MyScript Smart Note is developed to recognize your handwriting! Several major pros of this wonderful app that does your homework partially are: A wide range of possible languages Impressive handwriting recognition features (99% accuracy) Dropbox Evernote sync Ability to remove your handwriting with the digital analog by converting it to the popular file formats like DOC or PDF The note-taking application is what every modern college/university student needs to succeed with his/her academic assignments. At last, the user may edit his/her handwriting with the help of special gestures (the instructions include the necessary details). Save your materials to any cloud once you’re done to access them at any time. The disadvantages are: The lack of free version features Limited iOS opportunities A stylus may be required If you find this homework planner useful, purchase the paid version which costs 1.99 (iOS devices) or $2.71 (Android devices). MyScript Smart Note have prepared some other exciting apps to help with homework on the official website – check it out! Wish to strengthen your writing skills? Read the basic rules of working on the successful research paper in this informative article. xMind It is hard to imagine the process of note-taking and learning without such effective studying techniques as mind mapping brainstorming. Students who find these two methods confusing should try different apps to help with homework focused on creating meaningful, clear mind maps. It is better to call xMind a homework software. Mobile applications from these developers are not currently available on the market. Thus, students who love working with their Windows, Mac, and Linux personal computers/notebooks will find the application useful. It serves as both planner homework reminder app. Even a free version of the homework planner can boast many pros: Extra business-level features Mind mapping instrument Sharing functionality The free version offers a variety of instruments. They aim to help students with their in-depth researches and project planning. Business Administration students worldwide share xMind is one of the best learning apps they have ever tested. The cons include: Obligation to pay for the cloud service Absence of mobile applications Todoist Unlike many professional writers bloggers, students share that most of the Evernote’s functions do not make sense to them. College students demand only a to-do list software. They need several Web URL bookmarking features at maximum. A homework planner called Todoist is a limited homework reminder app focused on the most wanted functions. The main advantages of the free version are: Project/subproject + tasks/subtasks clear division Assignments tracker Reminders notifications Bookmarking attended web pages It is possible to mix the mobile application with a Web browser plugin to obtain a complete package of features. The application is compatible with almost everything: from Android to Mac Windows. Set Todoist extension for Chrome or Firefox to work with it on your personal computer/laptop. If you wish to have the same pack of features along with extra opportunities, spend $20 to get Things for iPad application. Todoist is a free management app. Scanner Pro Students deal with lots of writing assignments: essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, etc. Find a paper sample you wish to use and let Scanner Pro scan it to convert into PDF file. The main advantages of this homework app include: Synchronization with Dropbox Google Drive Feature which allows discovering created docs + receipts the user has scanned and convert these files to PDF Students may obtain free solutions to scan necessary study materials, but Scanner Pro, which comes for $3.99, wins in terms of PDF file accuracy. The main problem it works on iOS mobile devices only. To improve your current grades along with overall academic performance, download install at least a couple of these useful homework applications. These apps can help with your exam preparation, writing assignments, schedule, allocation of resources, memory training, and more. Keep in mind there is the easiest way out of any academic problem. Order a custom essay or research paper online to sleep well! If you know other great academic application, feel free to share your impressions in the comments.

Hobbes vs Locke on Natural Rig essays

Hobbes vs Locke on Natural Rig essays Thomas Hobbes, author of Leviathan, claims that peace and unity can best be achieved by setting up a society by having humans agree to a covenant (Hobbes: Ch.18 pg.548). A sovereign who is in charge of protecting the society or state rules Hobbess society. In his introduction, Hobbes describes this commonwealth as an "artificial person" and as a body politic that mimics the human body. Hobbes portrays the state as a gigantic human form built out of the bodies of its members, the sovereign as its head (Hobbes: Introduction pg.492). Hobbes calls this figure the "Leviathan," which means "sea monster" in Hebrew and is the name of a monstrous sea creature appearing in the Bible. Hobbes tries to prove that a sovereign is necessary for preserving peace. John Locke, author of Second Treatise of Government, places sovereignty into the hands of the people. Locke claims that people are equal and has natural rights in a state of nature where they are free from outside rule. In the state of nature, people have the right to judge someone and execute the law against someone who violates their rights. People take what they need from the earth but usually take more than they need. Then they develop a common currency in order to trade their extra goods. Hobbes claims that everyone is equal (Hobbes: Ch.13 pg. 531), everyone should fight for self-preservation (Hobbes: Ch.14 pg. 533), and everyone has to give up some rights to be able to enter a society (Hobbes: Ch.17 pg.547-548). Locke claims that everyone is equal (Locke: Ch.2 4 pg.626), everyone has the right to self-preservation, everyone has the right to punish (Locke: Ch.2 8 pg.627), and everyone has to make a contract or promise before entering a society (Locke: Ch.8 95 pg. 650). Hobbes claims that freedom is the lack of impediments . There are two types of freedom: positive and negative. Positive freedom is the ability to do what you want to do and what you should do w...

How could Dunn institutionalize the change once it is in place Assignment - 1

How could Dunn institutionalize the change once it is in place - Assignment Example To ensure the changes were instigated, Dunn needed to make sure a few things were implemented. The increase in the income and CSI would eventually lead to increase in Dunn’s salary too. First, to increase the income, Dunn could ensure that the technicians completed the affirmation jobs that were done within the warranty period, faster than the amount of time allocated per job. With this, more time could be spared and more jobs could be done per day in the given amount of hours. However, efficiency in the job done would also be something to deal with. Since they had expertise and the CSI percentage would be looked into, that would ensure quality work in a shorter amount of time, to increase their salaries and to increase their additional payments. The CSI was a very vital issue. Therefore, Dunn could also ensure that the experts handled the customers in a way that would lead to a higher percentage of the CSI. All matters in the CSI were not to be ignored. If the technicians handled their work in a keen way to answer each question in the index, the overall CSI percentage would increase per technician. This would lead to increase in their additional payments and thus Dunn’s salary leading to an overall institutionalization of the

Compare and Contrast two poems from your own interpretation Essay

Compare and Contrast two poems from your own interpretation - Essay Example The mention of death, â€Å"This is how I want to die!† (Sexton 5–6) suggests the persona’s suicide ideation, hence confirming the first assumption. The persona is unmindful of the other images in the painting, thus he expresses, â€Å"The town does not exist† (Sexton 1). At the lower right side of Van Gogh’s painting is an image of a town with houses that seem to be eaten up by the magnificent clouds. The persona is too focused on the stars in the painting, hence neglects the other things around the stars. This fascination with stars is suggestive of an irony. Normally, happiness is associated with merry-making, having parties, loud music, singing, dancing, etc. However, in the poem, the persona equates happiness with a starry night, gloom, silence, solitariness, and even darkness. Death is thus viewed as a positive experience, a beautiful thought, an attraction. Madness is the main theme in Fagle’s poem. The persona could likewise be Van Gogh, and the time setting could be before he commits suicide. The persona feels madness creeping in him and tries to fight it and thus pleads, â€Å"God deliver me - help me now deliver/all this frenzy back into your hands.† (Fagles 23–24). There is the struggle to keep himself sane. It is interesting to determine what makes the persona insane? The introductory lines bear this idea of insanity, thus: â€Å"Long as I paint/I feel myself/less mad (Fagles 1–3). The persona acknowledges the fact about his madness. He believes that painting could keep him from insanity. However, this statement is an anti-thesis because as the readers follow the thoughts of the persona regarding his painting, they will be convinced that painting only makes the persona lose his mind more. In the consequent lines, the persona reveals how deeply he is engrossed with his art that he imagines a â€Å"clo udrack

A Walk in the Park Essay Example for Free

A Walk in the Park Essay I was strolling along in the park when I spotted through my square shaped glasses the clear pale blue painted sky. There wasnt a single thing in the crystal clear sky. The day was bright and jolly. At the top end of my view I could see a bulky, dismal, dreary bridge. Just below the distasteful bridge there was freshly cut raw green grass wiped across the edge of the playgrounds bright red puerile fencing. The playground itself was rather juvenile for my taste. Precisely in front of the shocking, repulsive rouge railings to the right of my view there stood a toy like, multicoloured set of swings. The swings were designed for little children and they were so solid and stable. Beneath the sturdy, firm swings was a rough textured but prudent vivid rubber ground. The rubber was there to protect and secure children from injuring themselves if they fell off or over something. At the exterior end of my view I could see two rather nai ve gullible looking children. One of the innocent children was about to slide down an enduring metal luminous yellow pole. While the other rather emaciated child was climbing up the variegated invariable steady climbing frame. The child on the stable weirdly coloured pole was quite plump and chubby. She was wearing a disgusting dark green and light green striped top with obnoxious disfiguring black leggings. Her dark bushy hair was swept back in an invisible head band. The girl wasnt pretty but her plumpness made her look quite sweet and young with her light features blending in with her glowing skin colour. I couldnt see the other child very well he was camouflaged behind parts of the paling and could be barely seen. All I could tell was that the child looked like a scrawny little boy half the size of the girl. I could tell that the boy was just following the girl like a sheep being lead by a sheepdog. My view of the boy was also darkened by this mysterious dark shadow looming across the gullible children and there well built toy, the climbing frame. The obscure shadow seemed to be made by the high lanky trees behind me which I couldnt see in my intriguing view. I noticed that behind that behind the clear red barrier on the clement pale green grass stretched across the plain dull ground behind the childrens exciting yet childish playground there was black lumps sticking out the wall papery ground. As I closely examined I saw vast murky black chunks sticking out of the well kept grassy ground they seemed to be mammoth sized tyres. The unusual tyres had been positioned into the ground in a sort of track shape. The track looked gave the impression of being somewhat misshapen and to some extent it appeared tricky and complex with all the lumps and bumps. Beyond the twisted crooked track was a line of high lofty massive green fluffy clouds at first glance they looked as if they were clouds but when I looked closely I could see that they were actually gigantic trees in the distance. The view was memorable and I dont know why it is still stuck as a photo in my head but I will always remember it like it was just yesterday.

Neurobiology of Harmony :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Neurobiology of Harmony How sound waves produced by instruments become sensible representations in the brain, and how the perceptions become meaningful are interesting questions for neurobiology to ask, as well as necessary ones if knowledge of the brain is to account for all behavior. The brain is able to discern harmony because the inner ear is capable of differentiating between different frequencies. The brain's differentiation between pitches and chords corresponds to the physical, "real," differences between notes and chords, although our sense of music built from perception of harmonies through time, is more subjective and variable. Our faculty of hearing derives from the anatomy of the inner ear and the brain, as well as from the existence of external stimuli in the outside world. Sound is both the mechanical energy of waves and the sensation produced by receptors in the brain (1). Each wave has an amplitude and a frequency. The amplitude of a vibration corresponds to its volume and is measured by decibels on a logarithmic scale. Frequency is logarithmic, as well, but corresponds to differences in pitch. Greater frequency results in a higher pitch. Mathematically, pitch is represented as the number of vibrations per second (1) (2) . Vertebrates hear sound through their neurobiological makeup. The ear's tympanic membrane, or eardrum, vibrates as a result of being subjected to sound waves. The waves then travel to the inner ear or cochlea which is the site of sound's transduction into chemical energy. Within the cochlea, sound waves travel through fluid which stimulates the stereocilia, small hair-like projections of hair cells along the basilar membrane. The actions of the stereocilia cause the release of K+, potentially depolarizing the cell (1). The flexibility of the basilar membrane allows stereocilia to move back and forth in response to the waves in the Cochlear fluid. Each stereocilium is linked to another through structures called "tip links" (1) , (3) As the stereocilia move towards the tallest ones, the tip links cause ion channels to open, depolarizing the cell and allowing free K+ to move into the cell (1). Importantly, the stereocilia move in direct response to the sound waves and are cumulative rath er than spiking. Neurotransmitter release corresponds to the frequency and amplitude (pitch and volume) of a sound input. Sounds must be sufficiently loud and within a given range in order to cause action potentials. Different sounds will produce different outputs, allowing for discrimination of harmony on a neural level (1).

Better Community and Build a Healthier Life Essay

Better Community and Build a Healthier Life,† yesterday. Habitat for Humanity, a non-profit, ecumenical Christian community, has been created to make adequate housing a matter of conscience and action. Since its creation in 1976, it has built and improved more than 300,000 houses, sheltering more than 1,500,000 people in thousands of communities in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Eastern and Western Europe, and throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Habitat’s work is made possible by affiliates or people who are dedicated to the cause of eliminating poverty housing. As of this writing there are 132 affiliates in the Asia-Pacific region and 2,291 worldwide. Habitat’s work is far greater than the current number of affiliates and supporters nonetheless. Hence as it continually strives to achieve its mission Habitat is likewise constantly calling more volunteers to take their part in re-building the world. Anchoring on a statement made by Dr. Stephen Post, a professor at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and co-author of the forthcoming book Why Good Things Happen to Good People: The Exciting New Research That Proves the Link Between Doing Good and Living a Longer, Healthier, Happier Life that, â€Å"There is now a convergence of research leading to the conclusion that helping others makes people happier and healthier. So the word is out – its good to be good. Science increasingly says so,† former President and co-founder of Habitat for Humanity, Jimmy –more– relates volunteering to building a healthier life. For more details on how to participate to the Habitat’s action for a cause, please visit http://www. habitat. org/. Contact Name: Phone: Website: E-mail: ###

Operations Management in Tesco Essay

In order to define why Operations Management is needed in an organisation knowledge of operations management is required. Operations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and redesigning business operations in the production of goods and/or services. It includes the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient by using as few resources as needed, and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements. It is concerned with managing the process that converts inputs in the forms of materials, labour, and energy into outputs in the form of goods and/or services. Operations management is about how organizations produce goods and services. Everything you wear, eat, sit on, use, read or knock about on the sports? eld comes to you courtesy of the operations managers who organized its production’ (Slack, N. , et al. , 2010) We have chosen Tesco PLC as it is not only one of the largest food retailers in the world it is also successful in selling its many other products including insurance and financial services. Tesco sets its performance objectives with the following categories of people in mind; the first are the customers because these are the main people that bring in revenue to the organisation. Then there are the suppliers; the operations section depends on these people to perform adequately. (Tesco, 2007) There are also the employees; these are the people who carry out the operations and working conditions in the operations section must put this category in mind. The community is also affected by operation processes especially if the goods disseminated by the process affect the environment. Lastly, there are the shareholders who expect that the operations section is effective stock that they can be able to earn a higher return on their investments. All of the above groups have been included in the performance objectives of Tesco to a large extent. Some of these performance objectives include; (Slack, N. , et al. , 2007) Speed; Tesco recognises speed as one of the major performance objectives in operation. Speed in this case is the time spent between a request for a specific item by a customer and delivery time. The Company values this because customers can get what they require when they need it. This constitutes a respectable record and makes them come back for more business. It has been incorporated in its day to day services by andling customers in a fast manner when they are purchasing items at the store, store attendants are taught to be prompt. Secondly, when they are purchasing a product or service over the phone, customer assistants are to deliver First Call Resolution. Thirdly, when customers are online they are saving valuable time that may be wasted in queues to make payments or when trying to move from one aisle of the store to the next to find a particular item, they can simply do this by selecting the items they require from Tesco’s official Website. Tesco, 2007) Quality; in production this performance objective takes precedence over all other objectives. The product offered by any given company must meet international or local standards in order for it to be a quality good. This is important to a company for two main reasons. The first being if a product or service falls within the customer’s expectation, then they will be satisfied and will be willing to come back for the same. The company will therefore make more profits or generate more revenue. The second reason why quality is such an important performance objective is that it helps the company to achieve effectiveness through reduction of costs, increasing dependability and speed. This will occur if the goods are of good quality. The organisation will then be able to spend time on other aspects of production rather than correcting mistakes. (Slack, N. , et al. , 2007) Tesco ensure that all goods especially foodstuffs are in top notch conditions to ensure that they incorporate this performance objective. This is normally done by effective selection of suppliers for the company. Weiss & Mark, 1989) Besides this, Tesco ensures that goods do not sit too long on shelves or in the warehouse. To prevent the sale of substandard goods expiry dates are regularly checked and to ascertain the quality of the products Tesco performs audits on its suppliers to check; the capability of the factory: that hygienic conditions are incorporated in food preparation; the quality management systems of the supplier and the supply chain management. If these aspects are fulfilled then Tesco will conduct business with them and display their items in their stores. This means that only the best quality goods are chosen in this case. (Tesco, 2007) Cost; this is a performance objective that is largely dependent on the other performance objectives. If an operation is dependable, fast, flexible and full of quality then fewer resources will be spent trying to rectify mistakes. This will directly affect the finances needed and overall cost in the process. It can then be said that cost falls under the four other types of performance objective and it is best not to consider it in isolation. (Slack, N. , et al. 2007) By ensuring that all other performance objectives are met Tesco ensures that this performance objective is incorporated and therefore Tesco improves efficiency in all processes. Flexibility; this is essential in ensuring that operation processes are effective. With flexibility a company can adjust to changes in external factors that may require different aspects of the product. In relation to this, flexibility may come in a variety of forms. It may involve a change in the amount of products the company dispenses, this will normally occur after an external reason has prompted a reduction or increase in the amount of product. Flexibility also applies to the way products or services are delivered. This may be in various forms such as changes in delivery or payment systems used which are influenced by advances in technology and/or competitors. Lastly, flexibility may also mean a change in the types of products or services offered in relation to changing customer preferences. This performance objective is also essential in determining how some other internal factors flow. With a flexible operation system, responses within the organisation will be fast and the overall process will be more efficient. Enhanced flexibility will enhance dependability within an organisation because the speed will have been improved. Lastly, flexibility also affects the amount of revenue generated within the company as the way time is spent within the organisation is affected. (Slack, N. , et al, 2007) Tesco incorporates flexibility by continuously introducing new products in order to meet with changing customer preferences. An example would be the introduction of Tesco’s own product brand name. These products include nearly all foodstuffs and now clothing and electrical goods. To further expand Tesco now sell insurance and provide financial assistance with loans and credit cards. During certain times of the year, Tesco will increase the amount they stock of certain items to compete with demand. One such example is ice cream; this will be in large stock during summer months and low stock during the winter months. Tesco has also shown flexibility by the way it has been engaging in a number of mergers and expansion programs. Tesco has shown that it is flexible in terms of locations as it has a large number of stores found outside the UK. This was in response to increased globalisation and technological advancements. (Hogan, 1998) Dependability; this may be defined as an organisations ability to deliver goods, services and time. An organisation must establish as a dependable system in order to succeed. As a performance objective it is very important as it defines the image that the organisation presents to its customers and whether the customers will continue to purchase their goods or services. If the company is very dependable then their revenue will increase and vice versa if they are not dependable. Dependability brings stability to the organisation and means that resources can be spent on improvement instead of on fixing mistakes. (Slack, N. , et al, 2007) One way that Tesco has implemented dependability is by ensuring that its delivery system is top notch meaning that its customers get their goods on time, every time. (Weiss & Mark, 1989) This is especially in regard to provision of insurance. The Company makes sure that customers wait for too long, if applicants are not viable, then Tesco informs them as soon as possible so that they do not have to waste time waiting unnecessarily. To conclude, it can be seen that Tesco is an extremely successful organisation that has extracted the necessary resources to succeed from new technology and finances. Tesco’s operations management is very effective with a highly structured distribution chain for its products and services and a highly structured way of choosing its suppliers who ought to have ability to deliver. (Tesco, 2007) Trough this Tesco has become very profitable and is ever expanding.

Board of Directors

Board of Directors Introduction The success or failure of any organization or company totally depends on its leadership. There are different levels of leadership in any organization and the board of directors plays a very important role in the running and management of any organization. Different organizations have different roles of the board of directors but generally there are basic foundation roles that apply to all the organizations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Board of Directors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper discusses the different roles of the board of directors and how competence can be developed as well as the various differences between board of directors in the private sector and non-profitable organisation. Ideal relationship between the board of directors and the executive is also discussed. Board of directors The main role of the board of directors in any company or organization is to act as the eyes of the shareholders of the organization. A report by Brefi (2000) claimed that any given board of directors has a role: â€Å"to ensure the companys prosperity by collectively directing the companys affairs, whilst meeting the appropriate interests of its shareholders and stakeholders† (Brefi, 2000, p. 2). The board of directors is usually appointed by the shareholders who also have the powers to dismiss it mainly through a vote. The board of directors has different roles that vary from one organization to another. Oversee vision, mission and values of the organization It is the primary role of any board of directors to oversee that the Organization focuses at achieving its vision, mission, and values by continuous evaluation of the organization progress. They have the responsibility of determining values to be upheld and constantly review goals and objectives of the Organization. They are also supposed to set and follow up the implementation of policies in the Organiza tion. A report by Gray (n.d.) was claimed that: â€Å"Directors, no matter what their reason for being elected to a board, are responsible for making decisions and setting policy for the organization† (Gray 1). Carter McNamara (2011) defined the roles of the board of directors as â€Å"oversee the purpose, plans and policies of the overall organization, such as establishing those overall plans and policies, supervision of the CEO, ensuring compliance to rules and regulations† (McNamara, 2011, p. 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Set strategy and structure It is the role of the board of directors to constantly do the SWOT analysis of the Organization in terms strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the current and future situations to ensure the Organization retains its relevance in the society. It also sets strategies, and ways of achieving them. Most importantly they should the Organization has the necessary Organizational structure and the potential for carrying out the laid down strategies. A report by Score (2011) claimed that the board of directors has the role of â€Å"developing and approving strategic plans, including major commitments† (Score, 2011, p. 1). Delegation It is important to note that the board of directors cannot do or perform all the activities of their Organization alone and as such the board had an important role of delegating all the necessary authorities to other different levels of management beginning with the chief executive officer (CEO). McNamara claimed that it is the role of the board of directors to â€Å"Select and appoint a chief executive to whom responsibility for the administration of the organization is delegated, including: to review and evaluate his/her performance† (McNamara, 2011, p. 1). Accountability to shareholders The board of directors is the e yes and the voice of the shareholders and other stakeholders and as such it has the role of ensuring that the interests, views and expectations are represented in the Organization by effective communication between the management and the shareholders (Brefi, 2000). A report by McNamara also claims that the board of directors must be in a position to â€Å"provide for fiscal accountability, approve the budget, and formulate policies related to contracts from public or private resources† (McNamara, 2011, p. 1) Board competence For a board to be successful it must be competent. The members must be poses strong interpersonal skills, must be well versed about the various operations of the Organization, they must always be available when needed and must be people of honor and integrity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Board of Directors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Loyalty to the Organization is a requ irement and the members must also poses diverse global knowledge in various fields such as law, finances which will enable the board to make good decisions. Competence in the board may be developed by proper recruitment of the right individuals to start with. Rigorous and continual training should be prioritized. It may also be advisable to keep on renewing the board from time to time to inject new ideas and dynamism. Martinelli (2011) raised concern that â€Å"nominating committee or board recruiting committee is poorly organized, board members in turn are not likely to have a good understanding of the organization and their role as board members†( Martinelli, 2011, p. 1). Relationship between the board and executive For any meaningful achievement of goals and objectives of any Organization the board of directors and the executive must work together in harmony as a team. Good relationship between the two is therefore imperative. The board of directors must have the will and commitment of understanding all the important details that concerns the Organization since they may be required to make tough, and wise decisions that the executive needs to drive the Organization to the expectations of the shareholders the directors represent. The executive expects the board members to adequately prepare and regularly attend meetings while board of directors expects service delivery and regular briefing in return. Both sides expect full and genuine participation from each other. Collective commitment to teamwork and improvement is also important (Kilmister, 2004). Differences between private sector and non-profit boards The basic roles of both private and non-profit organizations are similar to some extent but on a close analysis there are many differences between the two which generally arise from their purpose of existence. Private board members set the strategies and standards to be met and delegate the task of achievement to the executive unlike non-profit boar d members who are directly involved in raising funds for the organisation. Private sector board members are paid whereas non-profit board members are only reimbursed of their expenses. Private sector board members focus on maximising shareholders investments and have to account for returns unlike non-profit board members who focus on fundraising funds from relevant bodies and focussing their activities to charity affairs (McNamara, 2011, p. 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The role of board members plays a key role in the success of any given Organization. The roles include representing the interests of the shareholders in the Organization, making and implementing vision, mission and core values of the Organization and setting and following up on strategies. Competence is a core requirement and the board members are supposed to be knowledgeable people of high integrity. The board members of nonprofit and private Organizations have differences due to the differences in the functions of the Organizations. The relationship between the executive and the board members is important in that it ensures cooperation and understanding of both parties for the benefit of the organization. References Brefi, G. (2000). The Board of Directors – Roles and Responsibilities. Brefigroup. Web. Gray, C. (n.d) Ethical Responsibilities of Boards of Directors of Non-Profit Organizations. Board Responsibilities. Web. Kilmister, N. (2004). Eight Basic Expectat ions a Chief Executive Has of His or Her Board. TCA. Web. Martinelli, F. (2011). Building an Effective Board of Directors. Create the Future. Web. McNamara, C. (2011). All about Boards of Directors (For-Profit and Nonprofit). Management help. Web. Score, K. (2011). Serving on a Nonprofit Board of Directors. ScoreKnox. Web.

Conflicts of the Orders Patrician and Plebeian

Conflicts of the Orders Patrician and Plebeian After the expulsion of the kings, Rome was ruled by its aristocrats (roughly, the patricians) who abused their privileges. This led to a struggle between the people (plebeians) and the aristocrats that is called the Conflict of the Orders. The term orders refers to the patrician and plebeian groups of Roman citizens. To help resolve the conflict between the orders, the patrician order gave up most of their privileges, but retained vestigial and religious ones, by the time of the lex Hortensia, in 287- a law was named for a plebeian dictator. This article looks at events leading to the laws referred to as the 12 Tablets, codified in 449 B.C. After Rome Expelled Their Kings After the Romans expelled their last king, Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud), the monarchy was abolished in Rome. In its place, the Romans developed a new system, with 2 annually-elected magistrates called consuls, who served throughout the period of the republic, with two exceptions: when there was a dictator (or military tribune with consular powers) orwhen there was a decemvirate (about which, more on next page). Different Opinions on the Monarchy - Patrician and Plebeian Perspectives Magistrates, judges, and priests of the new republic mostly came from the patrician order, or upper class*. Unlike the patricians, the lower or plebeian class may have suffered under the early republican structure more than they had under the monarchy, since they now had, in effect, many rulers. Under the monarchy, they had endured just one. A similar situation in ancient Greece sometimes led the lower classes to welcome tyrants. In Athens, the political movement against a hydra-headed governing body led to the codification of laws and then democracy. The Roman path was different. In addition to the many-headed hydra breathing down their necks, the plebeians lost access to what had been regal domain and was now the public land or ager publicus, because the patricians who were in power, took control of it to increase their profits, running it by slaves or clients in the country while they and their families lived in the city. According to a descriptive, old-fashioned, 19th century history book written by the H.D. Liddell of Alice in Wonderland and Greek Lexicon fame, A History of Rome From the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire, the plebeians were mostly not so well off petty yeomen on small farms who had needed the land, now public, to satisfy their families basic needs. During the first few centuries of the Roman republic, the number of chafing plebeians increased. This was partly because the plebeians population numbers increased naturally and partly because neighboring Latin tribes, granted citizenship by treaty with Rome, were enrolled in the Roman tribes. Gaius Terentilius Harsa was a tribune of the plebs that year. Thinking that the absence of the consuls afforded a good opportunity for tribunitian agitation, he spent several days in haranguing the plebeians on the overbearing arrogance of the patricians. In particular he inveighed against the authority of the consuls as excessive and intolerable in a free commonwealth, for whilst in name it was less invidious, in reality it was almost more harsh and oppressive than that of the kings had been, for now, he said, they had two masters instead of one, with uncontrolled, unlimited powers, who, with nothing to curb their licence, directed all the threats and penalties of the laws against the plebeians.Livy 3.9 The plebeians were oppressed by hunger, poverty, and powerlessness. Allotments of land didnt solve the problems of poor farmers whose tiny plots stopped producing when overworked. Some plebeians whose land had been sacked by the Gauls couldnt afford to rebuild, so they were forced to borrow. Interest rates were exorbitant, but since land couldnt be used for security, farmers in need of loans had to enter into contracts (nexa), pledging personal service. Farmers who defaulted (addicti), could be sold into slavery or even killed. Grain shortages led to famine, which repeatedly (among other years: 496, 492, 486, 477, 476, 456 and 453 B.C.) compounded the problems of the poor. Some patricians were making a profit and gaining slaves, even if the people to whom they lent money defaulted. But Rome was more than just the patricians. It was becoming the main power in Italy and would soon become the dominant Mediterranean power. What it needed was a fighting force. Referring back to the similarity with Greece mentioned earlier, Greece had needed its fighters, too, and made concessions to the lower classes in order to get bodies. Since there werent enough patricians in Rome to do all the fighting the young Roman Republic engaged in with its neighbors, the patricians soon realized they needed strong, healthy, young plebeian bodies to defend Rome. *Cornell, in Ch. 10 of The Beginnings of Rome, points out problems with this traditional picture of the makeup of early Republican Rome. Among other problems, some of the early consuls appear not to have been patricians. Their names appear later in history as plebeians. Cornell also questions whether or not patricians as a class existed prior to the republic and suggests that although the germs of the patriciate were there under the kings, the aristocrats consciously formed a group and closed their privileged ranks sometime after 507 B.C. In the first few decades following the expulsion of the last king, the plebeians (roughly, the Roman lower class) had to create ways of dealing with problems caused or exacerbated by the patricians (the ruling, upper class): poverty,occasional famine, andlack of political clout. Their solution to at least the 3rd problem was to set up their own separate, plebeian assemblies, and secede. Since the patricians needed the physical bodies of the plebeians as fighting men, the  plebeian secession  was a serious problem. The patricians had to yield to some of the plebeian demands. Lex Sacrata  and  Lex Publilia Lex  is the Latin for law;  leges  is the plural of  lex. It is thought that between laws passed in 494, the  lex sacrata, and 471, the  lex publilia, the patricians granted the plebeians the following concessions. the right to elect their own officers by tribeto recognize officially the plebeians sacrosanct magistrates, the tribunes. Among the soon to be acquired powers of the tribune was the important  right to veto. Codified Law After inclusion in the ranks of the ruling class via the office of tribune and the vote, the next step was for the plebeians to demand codified law. Without a written law, individual magistrates could interpret tradition however they wished. This resulted in unfair and seemingly arbitrary decisions. The plebeians insisted that this custom end. If laws were written down, magistrates could no longer be so arbitrary. There is a tradition that in 454 B.C. three commissioners went to Greece* to study its written legal documents. In 451, upon the return of the commission of three to Rome, a group of 10 men was established to write down the laws. These 10, all patricians according to the ancient tradition (although one appears to have had a plebeian name), were the  Decemviri  [decem10; virimen]. They replaced the years consuls and tribunes and were given additional powers. One of these extra powers was that the  Decemviris decisions could not be appealed. The 10 men wrote down laws on 10 tablets. At the end of their term, the first 10 men were replaced by another group of 10 in order to finish the task. This time, half the members may have been plebeian. Cicero, writing some 3 centuries later, refers to the 2 new tablets, created by the second set of  Decemviri  (Decemvirs), as unjust laws. Not only were their laws unjust, but the Decemvirs who wouldnt step down from office began to abuse their power. Although failure to step down at the end of the year had always been a possibility with the consuls and dictators, it hadnt happened. Appius Claudius One man, in particular, Appius Claudius, who had served on both decemvirates, acted despotically. Appius Claudius was from an originally Sabine family that continued to make its name known throughout Roman history. The blind censor,  Appius Claudius, was one of his descendants. In 279 Appius Claudius Caecus (blind) expanded the lists from which soldiers could be drawn so as to include those without property. Before then soldiers had to have a certain level of property in order to enlist.Clodius Pulcher  (92-52 B.C.) the flamboyant tribune whose gang caused trouble for Cicero, was another descendant.Appius Claudius was also a member of the gens that produced the Claudians in the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Roman emperors. This early despotic Appius Claudius pursued and brought a fraudulent legal decision against a free woman, Verginia, daughter of a high ranking soldier, Lucius Verginius. As a result of Appius Claudius lustful, self-serving actions, the plebeians seceded again. To restore order, the Decemvirs finally abdicated, as they should have done earlier. The laws the  Decemviri  created were meant to resolve the same basic problem that had faced Athens when  Draco  (whose name is the basis for the word draconian because his laws and punishments were so severe) was asked to codify Athenian laws. In Athens, before Draco, interpretation of the unwritten law had been done by the nobility who had been partial and unfair. Written law meant everyone was theoretically held to the same standard. However, even if exactly the same standard were applied to everyone, which is always a wish more than a reality, and even if the laws were written, a single standard doesnt guarantee reasonable laws. In the case of the 12 tablets, one of the laws prohibited marriage between plebeians and patricians. Its worth noting that this discriminating law was on the supplemental two tablets those written while there were plebeians among the Decemvirs, so it is not true that all plebeians opposed it. Military Tribune The 12 tablets  were an important move in the direction of what we would call equal rights for the plebeians, but there was still much to do. The law against intermarriage between the classes was repealed in 445. When the plebeians proposed that they should be eligible for the highest office, the consulship, the Senate wouldnt completely oblige, but instead created what we might call a separate, but equal new office known as  military tribune with consular power. This office effectively meant plebeians could wield the same power as the patricians. Secession [secessio]: Withdrawal or the threat of withdrawal from the Roman state during times of crisis. Why Greece? We know of Athens as the birthplace of democracy, but there was more to Romans decision to study the Athenian legal system than this, especially since there is no reason to think the Romans were trying to create an Athenian-like democracy.Athens, too, once had an underclass suffering at the hands of the nobles. One of the first steps taken was to commission Draco to write down the laws. After Draco, who recommended capital punishment for crime, continued problems between rich and poor led to the appointment of Solon the law-giver.Solon and the Rise of Democracy In  The Beginnings of Rome, its author, T. J. Cornell, gives examples of English translations of what was on the 12 Tables. (The tablet placement of the injunctions follows H. Dirksen.) Whoever shall have been lacking witness, he is to go every other day to clamor (?) at the door (II.3)They are to make a road. Unless they laid it with stones, he is to drive carts where he shall wish (VII.7)If the weapon flew from [his] hand rather than [he] threw it (VIII.24)Table III says that a debtor who cannot  repay within a set period can be sold into slavery, but only abroad and across the Tiber (i.e. not in Rome, since Roman citizens could not be sold into slavery in Rome). As Cornell says, the code is hardly what we would think of as a code, but a list of injunctions and prohibitions. There are specific areas of concern: family, marriage, divorce, inheritance, property, assault, debt, debt-bondage (nexum), freeing of slaves, summonses, funeral behavior, and more. This hodge-podge of laws does not seem to clarify the position of plebeians but instead seems to address questions in areas in which there was disagreement. It is the 11th Table, one of the ones written by the plebeian-patrician group of Decemvirs, that lists the injunction against plebeian-patrician marriage. Sources Scullard, H. H.  A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC. Routledge, 2008.

GLOBAL MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

GLOBAL MARKETING - Essay Example The techniques and the methods that the companies incorporate to adapt these factors determine not only their ability to distinct or differentiate their products and themselves from their competitor but also their success holistically (Sutltle, 2009). This encompasses the norms, culture, population changes, demographics, and lifestyle. They influence the industry in different ways. For an instant, a clothing company has to create innovatively styles that are appealing to different cultures especially of the groups that are dominant and represent the largest segment of the company’ market. The creation of the different styles of cloths should be within the norms of the society that is perceived to produce the prospective consumers (Sutltle, 2009). These include factors such as demand, production, and the availability of resources. For an instant, the scarcity of material for production may compel the companies to engage in substitute products. In addition, a competitor may introduce clothing styles that have the potential of luring the consumers hence shift in the demand for the earlier fashioned cloths (Sutltle, 2009). The industry has been influenced by issues such as the rights of the workers and laws related to child labour. Union workers have often called for industrial actions such as strike and picketing in aggravating for increases in wages. In turn, it impact negatively on the production of clothing products (Sutltle, 2009). The influence of the economy can either be positive or negative. During periods of economic boom, individuals tend to have relatively more disposable income hence they spend a lot on cloths hence increase in companies’ sales. The converse is true during economic crisis. These factors therefore, shape the competitive structure and the intensity of competitive rivalry in the industry (Roll, 2005). The trends of the industry in the US are characterized by the companies operating retails that are

Search Integration of Social Media Research Paper

Search Integration of Social Media - Research Paper Example In the wake of globalization, various firms need to embrace the cultural diversity by incorporating various major search languages in its marketing strategy thereby giving organizations a local appeal in its geographically dispersed market. This is one of the tools that Zarah seems to utilize with an immense command on the market size in the fashion industry. It is common to realize that social media requires customization in respect of the cultural differences prevalent in the world and this has been done by introducing the use of various languages that are tailored to meet the demands of people (Hoffman & Bateson, 2009). It is, therefore, a boost for the organization to act locally and think globally in respect of placing website adverts. It has adopted online sales that constitute the display of varieties that the customers simply click on and obtain all the required information then transact online. This is more convenient for many people due to the paradigm shift of socio-econom ic order of the society which keeps people busy most of the time. It has equally diversified the social networking sites thereby enhancing chances of reaching out to many clients of all age brackets around the world. To optimize the use of social media, Zarah has a very active Twitter, Facebook, google+, daily blogs and other accounts on which it is able to count on the number of likes and pins after posting pictures of its variety of products. The figures obtained in this process and the comments provide a basis for reorganizing its strategies on appropriate marketing mix. Zarah also utilizes the social media to take note of the global fashion trend by responding immediately through Twitter and its other social media sites and collecting feedback on desires and modifications preferable to the existing and potential customers (Hoffman & Bateson, 2009). This has the updating effect with attraction consequences to the potential customers who are prolific internet browsers.